1.
North and South

2. The North’s Economy Essential Question:
What innovations in industry, travel and communications changed the lives of Americans in the 1800s?

3. Industrialization and Transportation
Industry, travel and communications expanded greatly during the 1800s
Due to mass production and the sewing machine, factories in the Northeast produced 2/3 of the nation’s manufactured goods
Steamboats, roads and canals
Locomotives and railway networks

4. Moving Goods and People
Erie Canal - Goods could be shipped faster and more cheaply
Railroads and canals led to settlement of the Midwest

5. Faster Communication Telegraph - Samuel Morse developed Morse code
By 1852, there were 23,000 miles of telegraph lines in the United States

6. Agriculture
Revolutionary inventions in the 1830s changed farming methods, and agriculture became more profitable
John Deere – “wooden plow” cut through prairie sod
Cyrus McCormick – “mechanical reaper” could harvest grain much faster than hand held sickles
West and South focused on cash crops
North had a flourishing industry

7. Making Connections Factors that led to the settlement of the Midwest
Answer the Essential Question: What innovations in industry, travel and communications changed the lives of Americans in the 1800s?

8. The North’s People Essential Question:
How did immigration have an impact on cities, industry and cultures in the North?

9. Northern Factories
As the factory system developed, working conditions worsened
Long hours
Dangerous conditions
No heating or cooling systems
Low wages

11. Workers Attempt to Organize
1830s – Trade Unions
1830s – (NYC) skilled workers staged a series of strikes to try to get higher wages and better hours
Early 1800s – going on strike was illegal

12. African American Workers
Racial prejudice and discrimination was widespread
Often not allowed to vote
Not allowed to attend public schools or facilities
Segregated schools and hospitals

13. Women Workers Employers paid male workers more than women workers
Men excluded women from unions and wanted them out of the workplace

14. The Rise of Cities
Both natural born citizens and immigrants flocked to cities where most factories were located
: Great Lakes and Midwestern towns along rivers developed into major cities
Larger cities became even larger (NYC, Philadelphia)

15. Immigration Irish Potato Famine Germany
Most Irish took low paying factory jobs or worked to build railroads
Germany
Brought languages, customs, religions and traditions with them which filtered into American culture

17. Immigrants Faced Prejudice
1830s and 1840s: anti-immigrant feelings rose
Nativists: People opposed to immigration who believed that immigrants
threatened the future of native born Americans
were taking jobs from native born citizens
brought crime and disease to America
Know Nothing Party: anti-Catholic group who called for stronger citizenship laws

18. Making Connections Why did some Americans object to immigration?
Answer the Essential Question: How did immigration how an impact on cities, industry and culture in the North?

19. Southern Cotton King Essential Question:
How did the South’s industry and economy differ from the industry and economy of the North?

20. Rise of the Cotton Kingdom
The economy of the South, unlike that in the North, remained largely agricultural
Cotton Gin developed by Eli Whitney in 1793
Processed cotton fibers quickly
Farmers wanted to grow more cotton to increase profits
More laborers needed results in more slave labor

21. Industry in the South Industry developed slowly in the South
Agriculture was extremely profitable
Lack of capital or money to invest in business
Market for manufactured goods was small due to smaller population
Some Southern leaders wanted to develop industry so as to not rely so heavily on northern manufacturing

23. Southern Transportation
Natural waterways used to transport goods
Few canals
Poor roads
Few railroads that were not connected to each other

24. Making Connections
Why did some Southerners feel that industrial growth would benefit the region?
Answer the Essential Question: How did the South’s industry and economy differ from the industry and economy of the North?

25. The South’s People Essential Question:
What characterized slave life in the South?

26. Farms and Plantations
The South had far more small farms than large plantations
Yeomen: largest group of whites in the South – small farms without enslaved workers
Tenant Farmers
Rural poor – avoided jobs done by enslaved people
Plantations: large areas of land but usually had few enslaved workers
Slaves would do some domestic work but usually worked as field hands

28. Life Under Slavery Worked hard for no money
Feared separation from loved ones
Close knit extended families were a vital feature of life
Although many enslaved African Americans accepted Christianity, they often followed religious beliefs and practices of their African ancestors as well
Spirituals

29. Slave Codes Laws in Southern states that controlled enslaved people
Could not assemble in large groups
Required to have written passes when leaving the slaveholder’s property
Made it a crime to teach enslaved people to read or write
Under these conditions, slaves are less likely to rebel

30. Resistance to Slavery
Some enslaved African Americans rebelled openly against their owners (rare)
Nat Turners Rebellion (1831): He and his followers killed at least 55 whites before being captured
Frightened white Southerners
Led to more severe slave codes
Resistance helped enslaved workers to tolerate their lack of freedom
Work slowly, break tools, pretend to be ill, etc.

31. Escaping Slavery
Some enslaved African Americans tried to run away to the North
Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglas
Underground Railroad
Network of “safe houses” owned by free blacks and whites who opposed slavery
Most runaways were caught and returned to their owners and severe discipline

34. Answer the Essential Question
What characterized slave life in the South? Give specific examples.