1. The Ohio and National Economy: 2015 Mark Partridge Presented at OSU VP Economic Outlook December 1, 2014 Swank Chair in Rural-Urban Policy Department of Agricultural, Environmental & Development Economics Ohio State University Extension

2. Department of Agricultural, Environmental, and Development Economics (AEDE)

3. Swank Program Website for policy brief. Department of Agricultural, Environmental, and Development Economics (AEDE)

4. Introduction I remain optimistic on national growth as I have in the Outlooks beginning in the Fall of 2012. The U.S. economy continues to expand. It has been 66 months since the official NBER end of the Great Recession, or the 6 th longest in U.S. history. [but we are due for a recession  ) As of the October Employment Report released in November, 2014 U.S. job growth is on track to be the best year since 1999.

5. Department of Agricultural, Environmental, and Development Economics (AEDE) Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. The 2014 figure is year over year from Oct. 2013 to Oct. 2014.

6. US Canada, Germany, Advanced Economies China GDP Per-capita, adjusted for PPP U.S. is richest advanced economy

7. To put this in perspective, the 7 years before the Great Recession were the slowest 7 years of job creation since the Great Depression. The recovery from the Great Recession has been frustrating for the lack of job creation that is expected after such a severe recession. The general patterns of regional U.S. growth that existed over the 1960-2007 period have mostly reestablished themselves. Department of Agricultural, Environmental, and Development Economics (AEDE)

8. Introduction What am I going to do today: 1.Discuss U.S. forecasts made by the IMF and OECD. 2.Provide some idea of possible risks to the forecasts. Discuss current hot policy topic in enhancing growth: build infrastructure. 3.Describe how Ohio is performing relative to the nation and to other Great Lakes States. 4.Briefly mention the 3Cs. 5.Provide some suggestions for policy.

9. IMF and OECD forecasts are well respected and usually are “cautious” in not being too far from consensus. Among advanced economies, the U.S. has been the recent leader and this is expected to continue through 2016. Growth will not be robust as in the last-half of the 20 th Century, primarily due to low productivity growth. IMF and OECD Forecasts Department of Agricultural, Environmental, and Development Economics (AEDE)

10. U.S. Advanced Economies Canada IMF October 2014 GDP Growth Forecast: U.S., Canada, and Advanced Economies Department of Agricultural, Environmental, and Development Economics (AEDE)

11. OECD November 2014 Forecast Department of Agricultural, Environmental, and Development Economics (AEDE)

12. The U.S. does not seem to have the ability to carry out any kind of fiscal/growth policy. Will a Republican Senate help? U.S. government budget balance is in relatively good position and could support “investments.” Economic Fundamentals Department of Agricultural, Environmental, and Development Economics (AEDE)

13. OECD November preliminary forecast: Government Budget Balance. Department of Agricultural, Environmental, and Development Economics (AEDE)

14. IMF, 2014, p. 48. IMF’s Policy Recommendations for the U.S. Department of Agricultural, Environmental, and Development Economics (AEDE)

15. Infrastructure and Education Building and improving infrastructure is the current “hot” policy recommendation in international circles. Following the IMF (2014): Infrastructure has the advantage of creating jobs in the early construction phase, which is appealing to politicians. Budget situation is in improved situation. Infrastructure has the advantage of raising productivity and living standards in the future. Educational attainment is the most robust predictor of economic growth. Examples from the U.S. U.S. educational attainment is lagging most of the developed world for younger adults (OECD, 2011).

16. IMF World Economic Outlook, October 2014

18. Department of Agricultural, Environmental, and Development Economics (AEDE) Ohio and Midwest performance Great Recession and subsequent recovery/expansion has been challenging. Compare OH to the U.S. Coming out of the recession, Ohio outperformed the U.S. but beginning in 2012, the historic pattern of Ohio underperforming the US by about 0.5 to 1 percentage points a year remerged. A key feature of weak Midwest economic performance is its manufacturing intensity, though increasingly that is becoming more of an excuse. In June 2014, Ohio manufacturing employment was 51% below 1979 levels and 34% below June 2000.

25. For a better comparison to similar economies and histories. Wisconsin performs at the U.S. average followed by Indiana. Ohio, Michigan, and Illinois greatly lag the nation and are about equal. Comparing Ohio to the Midwest Department of Agricultural, Environmental, and Development Economics (AEDE)

28. Brief Discussion of the 3 C’s The general story is that the most prosperous is in order of Columbus, Cincinnati, and Cleveland. In the last decade, Columbus has widened its advantage. Columbus looks ok even when compared to peer cities with less manufacturing and more services. Department of Agricultural, Environmental, and Development Economics (AEDE)

31. What Ohio can do? First, it takes a long time to turn around a state’s fortunes and sometimes it is just blind luck. Ohio has primarily used tax policy to improve its performance. Generally, hard to estimate tax policy effects: reverse causation, sort out the effects of expenditures, etc. When you do this, you get small to modest effects. Likely because virtually all states have used tax policy since the 1970s and differences across states are now minimal. I think the best thing that the Kasich administration has done (besides what appears to be a capable staff) is their budgets are credible and would support current levels of expenditures. Reduces uncertainty for planning.

32. I think more creativity in terms of education and human capital development for the workforce is one area that warrants more attention. Attention to crumbling infrastructure would also lift short-term employment but most important long- term productivity and quality of life. Also, reform the tax code policy so as to not put small businesses at a disadvantage. Small and new business start-ups generate a disproportionate share of employment growth. Department of Agricultural, Environmental, and Development Economics (AEDE)

33. Conclusions 2015 looks to be a reasonably good year. The U.S. and Ohio will continue to grow at reasonable rates in the post-2000 world. More innovation in policy is needed to shake both from the current path of relatively slow growth being the new normal.

34. Department of Agricultural, Environmental, and Development Economics (AEDE) Mark Partridge Swank Chair in Rural-Urban Policy AEDE, The Ohio State University Google “Partridge Swank” and you will get my website (614) 688-4907 partridge.27@osu.edu