1. WINTER 2014-15 FORECAST REVIEW

2. HYPE… IS GOING TO BE A BIG ISSUE FOR THIS WINTER **It started back in JULY with a few HYPSTER meteorologists issuing forecasts in JULY !! ** Once those forecasts/ hype were issued… Social Media was flooded with “weenies” issuing similar such forecasts. Everyone of these “ forecasts” all features severe cold and huge amount of snow for Midwest/ East coast WEENIE… term used to describe high school students and adults who think they are the next Jim Cantore – (but actually work 3 rd shift at WalMart)

3. THIS is the Twitter Page I post updates on during winter season– and all seasons tyat are about “operational “ (Regular) weather forecasts

4. WINTER 2014-15… 1.A repeat of last Winter 2.A “normal” Winter 3.HYPE

5. BRIEF REVIEW OF LAST WINTER VAST MAJORITY OF FORECASTS (govt & private) CALLED FOR A MILD or very MILD WINTER OCT & NOV 2013 WERE NOT COLD AT ALL MANY INDICATORS WERE UNFAVORABLE FOR COLD/ SNOWY PATTERN IN CENTRAL/ EAST US

6. BRIEF REVIEW OF LAST WINTER part 2 SO WHAT HAPPENED? In NOV 2013 A LARGE POOL OF VERY WARM SSTA (Sea surface temperature Anomalies ) DEVELOPED IN NE PACIFIC / GULF OF ALASKA THAT POOL OF WARM SSTAs SIGNIFICANTLY ALTERED THE OVERALL PATTERN. As as long as the Pool of warm SSTAs existed then the pattern would NOT change …

7. This shows the “ surprise” pool of warm SSTAs that developed in mid NOVEMBER 2013. Most forecasts were already issued by Mid NOV so they missed this

10. POLAR VORTEX DEVELOPS IN OCT/NOV and LASTS UNTIL JUNE. IT’S SIZE … INTENSITY ….POSITION IS ** CRITICAL ** IN DETERMING THE WINTER PATTERNS OVER ALL OF THE NORTH HEMISPHERE -AO +AO

11. As you can see the large pool of very warm SSTAs did NOT weaken or move. In fact it increased during the winter

12. PV RIDGE PV ACTUAL JAN 2014 500 MB PATTERN

13. PV RIDGE PV This is what the actual 500 mb pattern looked like in FEB 2014

14. 1 1 4 3 2 5 6 This shows mean temps of the USA from 12/1/13 to 3/1/14 and impact of the 6 Arctic air mass out breaks

15. 2 6 3 5 4 This shows AO phases and Intensity from 12/12/13 to 4/1/14. EVERY TIME the AP dropped into “ negative” territory there was an Arctic air mass out break

16. WXRISK WINTER 2014-15 FORECAST SUMMARY NOV looks to be a MILD month and 1st half of DEC east of the Mississippi river generally mild NOT AS COLD AS LAST YEAR… (this is obvious) NOT as many snow events (many places on East coast had 15-20 ”middle size “ events) BUT bigger winter storms Increased Risk of ICE STORMS over Ohio valley Middle Atlantic New England

17. WXRISK FORECAST MAPS DEC 2014

18. WXRISK FORECAST MAPS JAN 2015

19. WXRISK FORECAST MAPS FEB 2015

20. THE DETAILS UNDERSTANDING THE FORECAST 30 DAY & SEASONAL FORECASTING IS HALF SCIENCE / HALF ART. You have to do it all the time to be good at it. PROBLEMS: Media plays up USELESS Farmers Almanac. Then e when they bust folks think its a ‘real’ forecast Issuing Winter forecast in July. 100% CHAOS theory/ rules says its BS. TV Mets who are pressured by news manager but have no clue what they are doing

21. SEASONAL FORECASTING is based on: The CURRENT atmosphere Current and future Seas Surface temp anomalies/ pattern Figuring out which factors are going to the DRIVERS or dominating force SOIL MOISTURE “WHAT COULD GO WRONG ?”

22. EL NINO FOR THE WINTER ?

23. There is some “ skepticism” about a El NINO is REALLY coming this time. Back in March & April it LOOKED like a Moderate El Nino was developing but by JULY the El Nino collapsed

24. Actual DATA – NOT Models/ forecast - clearly shows el Nino round 2 IS coming and it will be a WEAK El Nino

25. this easy to read SUMMARY of El NINO Forecasts clearly show a “ WEAK” event for this Winter

26. All WEAK El Nino temperature anomalies DJF ( DEC- JAN – FEB) since 1900 based on 1951-2010 Based on 1981-2010 climate record climate record

27. NOT ALL EL NINO EVENTS ARE THE SAME as shown by Recent discovery by Japan’s wx folks

28. Modoki El Nino events have a HIGH Probability of bringing Colder & Snowier then Normal Winters for central / eastern US

29. The severely snowy winter of 2009-10 was a MODOKI El Nino- notice how the warm El Nino waters shifted WEST from late OCT to DEC

30. CURRENT SSTAs in the PACIFIC BASIN

31. BLOCKING JET STREAM PATTERNS IN WINTER TYPICALLY WEATHER PATTERNS MOVE FROM WEST TO EAST.. Some times slow sometimes fast Occasionally a ‘ CONVOLUTED’ Jet stream pattern will form..in the wx biz these unusual Jet stream patterns are called BLOCKING PATTERN There are many different types of BLOCKING PATTERNS They bring about PROLONGED or REPEATING patterns periods of same kind of weather… can last for several weeks

32. PDO Pacific Decadal Oscillation LARGE AREAS OF COLDER THAN NORMAL and WARMER THAN NORMAL OCEAN WATER TEMPS HAVE A CAUSE and /or REINFORCE BLOCKING PATTERNS -PDO +PDO

33. -PDO … both SEASONAL AND LONG TERM Tend to Favor the Negative PNA pattern (-PNA) +PDO … both SEASONAL AND LONG TERM Tend to Favor the Positive PNA pattern (+PNA)

34. CURRENT SSTAs in the PACIFIC BASIN +PDO THERE HAS BEEN SOME RECENT COOLING IN NE PACIFIC AUG 2014 PDO = +0.67 SEPT 2014 PDO= +1.08

36. All DEC +PDO = THESE SORT OF TEMPS ANOMALIES All JAN +PDO = THESE SORT OF TEMPS ANOMALIES All FEB +PDO = THESE SORT OF TEMPS ANOMALIES

37. THE ARCTIC OSCILLATION -AO/ +AO Yes it can get “ cold” in the Winter months over central & eastern CONUS with a Neutral/ Positive AO… but not a sustained cold pattern. It is IMPOSSIBLE to get a Significant and/ or Major East coast Snowstorm without –AO and/ or -AO that moves to Neutral/ Positive AO

38. The AO during the WINTER OF 2009-10.. With its non stop big snowstorms-- Historic / severe all winter long

39. The AO during the Super warm snowless WINTER of 2011-12.. Historic / positive all winter long

40. SIBERIAN SNOW COVER IN OCTOBER ….and NORTH AMERICAN / US WINTERS 2 WAYS TO MEASURE SNOW IN SIBERIA IN OCTOBER SAI - Snow Advanced Index SCE – snow cover extent

41. SAI … closely matches AO Taking the SAI into forecast Models DRAMATICALLY improves forecast accuracy

43. SO WHAT ABOUT OCT 2014? Snow cover expansion in weeks 39…40…31…42… 43 are the KEY As of 10/17 the SCE is at a RECORD setting pace

44. This shows the snow cover rate of expansion / Advance (SAI)

45. On left side this shows actual snow cover extent (SCE) while Right Side shows the expansion relative to “ normal” (SAI)

46. NAO aka “THE GREENLAND BLOCK” IS A CRITICALLY IMPORTANT JET STREAM PATTERN THAT AFFECTS WEATHER PATTERNS OVER Central and Eastern US…. eastern CANADA …Much of EUROPE MODERATE or STRONG –NAO increases chances of Big east coast Winter storms and this Probability goes way up if pattern features -NAO and –AO -NAO +NAO

47. SUPER MEGA SNOWSTORM WINTER OF 2009-10 FEATURE **RECORD** -NAO VALUES and LASTED ALL WINTER LONG THE RECORD WARM/ SNOWLESS WINTER OF 2011- 12… FEATURED NEAR RECORD ** HIGH +NAO ** THAT ALOS LASTED ALL WINTER LONG

48. This ‘ schematic’ of what Sea surface temperature Anomalies look like in OCTOBER when the NAO was mostly Negative in Winter

49. ACTUAL SSTAs IN MID OCTOBER RE ALMOST A TEXT BOOK MATCH

51. SUMMARY FOR WINTER 2014-15 M.E.I. WESTERN EL NINO ? (modoki) +PDO / PNA -NAO/ ssta in North Atlantic SIBERIAN SNOW COVER /AO PHASE ??

52. WHAT COULD GO WRONG?

53. M.E.I./ WEAK EL NINO fails to show RESULT- weaker southern Jet stream colder overall pattern NO MODOKI ( western) EL NINO … RESULT even split of Midwest/ east coast storms +PDO / +PNA BREAKS DOWN… RESULT..wild swing in overall pattern & more precip for western third of Conus -NAO goes Positive for most of Winter Ice storm threat Increase -AO turns Positive for most of the winter. Given the HUGE near record Siberian Snow cover in OCT…I don’t see how this is possible

54. FINAL UPDATE NOV 18-19