1. R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Available_Energy-2.jpg in 2005 absorbed by land and ocean Solar Energy

2. R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Solar Thermal Solar panels heat up water without involving generating electricity. Solar heating capacity was 145 GW-thermal in 2008.

3. R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Solar energy trapped by the solar troughs heats the thermal oil. Oil circulating in a closed loop heats high volumes of water to generate steam at high temperatures (up to 400 o C). Steam turbine generates electricity. Solar Thermal Typical Solar Trough System for Power Generation (heat to work) Steam Turbine Steam Generator Electric Generator Condenser Cooling Tower Thermal oil is circulated in a closed loop Solar Troughs Source: http://www.solarpanelsplus.com/parabolic-trough-collectors/

4. R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Solar Thermal Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabolic_trough A parabolic trough is a solar thermal energy collector. It is constructed as a long parabolic mirror (usually coated silver or polished aluminum) with a Dewar tube (vacuum flask) running its length at the focal point. Sunlight is reflected by the mirror and concentrated on the Dewar tube. The trough is usually aligned on a north-south axis, and rotated to track the sun as it moves across the sky each day.

5. R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 - 354 MW installed capacity - power 232,500 homes - have a total of 936,384 mirrors - cover more than 1,600 acres (6.5 km 2 ) - lined up, the parabolic mirrors would extend over 370 km. - 3000 broken mirrors (mostly by wind) per year are replaced Solar Thermal Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Energy_Generating_Systems Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) is the largest solar energy generating facility in the world. It consists of nine solar power plants (built between 1984 and 1990) in California's Mojave Desert, where insolation is among the best available in the US.

6. R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Technological statusmature Average growth17-20% per year Solar Thermal

7. R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Solar Thermal Source: http://www.sunspot.org.uk/ed/ The solar cooker has a parabolic reflector to concentrate more than a m 2 of sunlight into an area about 17 cm in diameter. The control arm allows the reflector to be set facing the sun and holds the pot at the focal point regardless of the reflector tilt angle. The stand holds the other two together and allows the cooker to be rotated to follow the sun as it moves across the sky.

8. R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Solar Thermal Florida legislation specifically protects the 'right to dry' and similar solar rights legislation has been passed in Utah and Hawaii. Wind and sunlight are used for drying instead of fuel or electricity.

9. R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Photovoltaic (PV) cell turn light directly into electricity. Total of installed PV was more than 16 GW in 2008. Solar irradiance PV module Charge controller DC loads AC loads Inverter Battery Stand Alone System Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells

10. R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells £5.5 million CIS Tower, Manchester, England is 118 m skyscraper with a weatherproof cladding (replacing the mosaic tiles) around the tower made up of PV cells (alive & dummy cells). It generates 21 kW electricity (enough to power 61 average 3-bed houses) and feeds part of it to the national grid.

11. R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells The Pocking Solar Park is a 10 MWp photovoltaic solar power plant. - started in August 2005 - completed in March 2006 sheep are now grazing under and around the 57,912 photovoltaic modules US$87 million

12. R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells World's 5 largest Photovoltaic Power Stations 1. Olmedilla Photovoltaic Park, Spain – 60MW Completed Sept 2008 2. Puertollano Photovoltaic Park, Spain – 47MW Completed 2008 3. Moura photovoltaic power station, Portugal – 46.4MW Completed Dec 2008 4. Waldpolenz Solar Park, Germany – 40MW Completed Dec 2008 5. Arnedo Solar Plant, Spain – 30MW Completed Oct 2008

13. R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells Large Photovoltaic Power Stations in planning - Rancho Cielo Solar Farm, USA - 600MW - Topaz Solar Farm, USA - 550MW - High Plains Ranch, USA - 250MW - Mildura Solar concentrator power station, Australia -154MW

14. R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells Photovoltaic Power for Rural Homes In Sri Lanka

15. R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells Solar lantern About Rs 2500/= 7W CFL, 12V Electronics, 10Wp Panel 7Ah MF Battery Backup: 3 to 4 hours Solar Panel Warrantee: 10 years Lantern Warrantee: 1 year

16. R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells PV cells could complete with biological plants. Photovoltaic 'tree' in Austria

17. R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Inorganic Solar Cells Bulk 2 nd Generation Thin-film GermaniumSilicon Mono-crystalline Poly-crystalline Ribbon Silicon Amorphous Silicon Nonocrystalline Silicon 3 rd Generation Materials CIS CIGS CdTe GaAs Light absorbing dyes Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells

18. R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Inorganic Solar Cells Bulk GermaniumSilicon Mono-crystalline Poly-crystalline Ribbon Silicon Amorphous Silicon Nonocrystalline Silicon 3 rd Generation Materials CIS CIGS CdTe GaAs Light absorbing dyes Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells CdTe (cadmium telluride) is easier to deposit and more suitable for large- scale production. Cd is however toxic. 2 nd Generation Thin-film

19. R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Inorganic Solar Cells Bulk GermaniumSilicon Mono-crystalline Poly-crystalline Ribbon Silicon Amorphous Silicon Nonocrystalline Silicon 3 rd Generation Materials CIS CIGS CdTe GaAs Light absorbing dyes Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells Processing silica (SiO2) to produce silicon is a very high energy process, and it takes over two years for a conventional solar cell to generate as much energy as was used to make the silicon it contains. Silicon is produced by reacting carbon (charcoal) and silica at a temperature around 1700 deg C. And, 1.5 tonnes of CO 2 is emitted for each tonne of silicon (about 98% pure) produced. 2 nd Generation Thin-film

20. R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 2 nd Generation Thin-film Inorganic Solar Cells Bulk GermaniumSilicon Mono-crystalline Poly-crystalline Ribbon Silicon Amorphous Silicon Nonocrystalline Silicon 3 rd Generation Materials CIS CIGS CdTe GaAs Light absorbing dyes Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells Germanium is an “un-substitutable” industrial mineral. 75% of germanium is used in optical fibre systems, infrared optics, solar electrical applications, and other speciality glass uses. Germanium gives these glasses their desired optical properties. Germanium use will likely increase with solar- electric power becomes widely available and as optic cables continue to replace traditional copper wire.

21. R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Calculation of United States’ Sustainable Limiting Rate of Germanium Consumption: Step 1: Virgin material supply limit The reserve base for germanium in 1999 = 500 Mg So the virgin material supply limit over the next 50 years = 500 Mg / 50 years = 10 Mg/yr Source: Graedel, T.E. and Klee, R.J., 2002. Getting serious about sustainability, Env. Sci. & Tech. 36(4): 523-9 Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells

22. R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Step 2: Allocation of virgin material Average U.S. population over the next 50 years = 340 million Equal allocation of germanium among the average U.S. population gives (10 Mg/yr) / 340 million = 29 mg / (person.yr) Calculation of United States’ Sustainable Limiting Rate of Germanium Consumption: Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells Source: Graedel, T.E. and Klee, R.J., 2002. Getting serious about sustainability, Env. Sci. & Tech. 36(4): 523-9

23. R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Step 3: Regional “re-captureable” resource base Worldwide germanium production from recycled material ≈ 25% of the total germanium consumed Equal allocation of virgin germanium among the average U.S. population therefore becomes 1.25*29 mg / (person.yr) = 36 mg / (person.yr) The sustainable limiting rate of germanium consumption in U.S. is thus 36 mg / (person.yr) Calculation of United States’ Sustainable Limiting Rate of Germanium Consumption: Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells Source: Graedel, T.E. and Klee, R.J., 2002. Getting serious about sustainability, Env. Sci. & Tech. 36(4): 523-9

24. R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Step 4: Current consumption rate vs. sustainable limiting rate Germanium consumption in U.S. in 1999 = 28 Mg Population in U.S. in 1999 = 275 million So, germanium consumption rate in U.S. in 1999 = 28 Mg / 275 million = 102 mg / (person.yr) which is about 2.8 times the sustainable limiting rate of germanium consumption in U.S. Calculation of United States’ Sustainable Limiting Rate of Germanium Consumption: Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells Source: Graedel, T.E. and Klee, R.J., 2002. Getting serious about sustainability, Env. Sci. & Tech. 36(4): 523-9

25. R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Technological status1G: mature 2G: market penetrating phase 3G: research phase Average growth40% per year Major challenge- cost reduction and increased lifetime - advanced manufacturing techniques - working with limited resources Total share of global energy mix 0.1% of electricity in 2007 1-2% of electricity in 2030 (potential) Possible adverse effects - harmful production materials - disposal measures - land use in some areas Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells

26. R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Wind energy has a great potential and has rapidly developed over the past 25 years. Wind Energy Technological statusmature Average growth17.1% per year Total share of global energy mix 3.3% of electricity in 2007 29.1% of electricity in 2030 (potential)

27. R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Wind Energy The project was commissioned in March 1999. The total project cost was around Rs. 280 million. It consists 5 wind turbines of 600 kW each. 3 MW pilot wind power project at Hambantota

28. R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Wind Energy Villagers are trained to do all the installation and maintenance work themselves. Turbine parts are made by local people, from local materials. Small-scale Wind power in Nikeweritiya, Sri Lanka - by Practical Action

29. R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Wind Energy The small wind system is approximately 12 m tall, produces 250 W at a rated wind speed of 8 m/s. It costs approximately $550, and should last about 20 years. It powers compact fluorescent light bulbs, a radio, and/or a television. At peak wind times there is excess power that can be used to charge batteries. Small-scale Wind power in Sri Lanka - by Practical Action

30. R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Wind Energy - spinning in the lightest of breezes! - low rotation speed! - magnetic levitation alternator - higher reliability - silent output - max power 2500 W 1.8m 2.7m

31. R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 IAEA2000

32. R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 IAEA2000

33. R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Source: http://www.energy.gov.lk/ Primary Energy Supply in Sri Lanka (in million toe) Petroleum Biomass Hydro Biomass Energy

34. R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Biomass Energy Primary Energy Supply in Sri Lanka in 2005 (in kilotonne oil equivalent) Source: http://www.energy.gov.lk/ Non-conventional 3.91 Biomass 4,626.13 Hydro 828.18 Petroleum 4,172.25

35. R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Biomass Energy Primary Energy Supply in Sri Lanka in 2005 (in percentage) Non-conventional <0.1% Biomass 48% Hydro 8.6% Petroleum 43.3% Source: http://www.energy.gov.lk/

36. R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Biomass Energy Primary Energy Supply in Sri Lanka in 2005 (in percentage) Renewable Energy 56.7% Petroleum 43.3% Source: http://www.energy.gov.lk/

37. R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Biomass Energy Secondary Energy Supply in Sri Lanka in 2005 (in percentage) Biomass 56.5% Electricity 9.7% Petroleum 33.8% Source: http://www.energy.gov.lk/ Who use the biomass? Who use the electricity? Who use the petroleum?

38. R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Biomass Energy Secondary Energy Supply in Sri Lanka in 2005 (in percentage) Agriculture <0.1% Household, Commercial and Others 48.1% Transport 25.4% Industry 26.3% Source: http://www.energy.gov.lk/

39. R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Biomass Energy Dendro power generation Grow fast growing tree species, having high energy yield. Eg: Gliricidia Sepium tree Harvest biomass from the forest using coppicing techniques (the tree as a whole is not cut down, but pruned systematically) Transport biomass to the power plant Fed into the furnace of the conventional steam turbine / electrical generator system Or, fed into a gasifier to produce a combustible gas that could be burnt in a diesel engine coupled to an electrical generator. Source: http://www.efsl.lk/details.aspx?catid=3

40. R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Biomass Energy Dendro power generation Every MW of dendro power installed creates employment for 300 people in rural communities. Unused land and agricultural smallholds are ideal locations for the establishment of biomass plantations and people can enhance their earnings by selling fuel wood to dendro plants. Employment opportunities are also generated out of the need to establish and manage fuel wood plantations and for plant construction and maintenance work. Source: http://www.efsl.lk/details.aspx?catid=3

41. R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Biomass Energy Dendro power generation Biomass is a renewable energy source which is almost carbon neutral as the carbon emissions released during combustion are recaptured during re-growth. However in practice not all biomass generation will be carbon neutral as transportation to the generation plant will generate carbon emissions. The leaves of the Gliricidia Sepium tree can also be used as cattle feed or as a substitute for urea as a soil nutrient. Source: http://www.efsl.lk/details.aspx?catid=3

42. R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Biomass Energy Gliricidia Sepium