1. Revitalising the Smallholder Beef Cattle to Achieve Beef Self Sufficiency Through the Integration Farming System Marsetyo Department of Animal Sciences Tadulako University Marsetyo Department of Animal Sciences Tadulako University PDA ARG Food Security Denpasar, 16 October 2013

2. Important Messages The animal protein consumption of Indonesian people is low The price of beef go sky high (the most expensive in the world) Government has set self sufficiency target on beef (2010 and 2014) Beef demand increase 5.5%/year, domestic supply increase only 3,7%/year Beef cattle import are remained high Can we achieve beef self sufficiency?

3. Beef Cattle in Indonesia Play as biological, social, and economic roles -Contribute 19 % (505.477 tones/year) national meat production -Provide jobs, draught power, fertilizer, soil conditioner, transport -Enhance crop production -Generate cash incomes -Potentially to reduce poverty

4. Cattle statistic Life cattle imported from Australia Population of beef cattle Livestock and Animal Health Statistic, 2012

5. ?

6. Meat Production Total meat production per year = 2.081.000 tonnes Livestock and Animal Health Statistic, 2012

7. Beef Self Sufficiency National population 14.824.373 heads (2011) By year 2014 cattle import is about 5-10% Beef consumption can be meet through domestic supply A national beef self sufficiency will require a large biomass of unutilised feed to support increased cattle population We cannot increase cattle population without sufficient feed supply

8. Smallholders Characteristics 4.572.766 household 67% small holder farmers are in Java (51% population) 19% small holder farmers in eastern Indonesia (31% population) Small number of cattle (2-5 per farmer) Integrated crop/livestock systems Cut and carry forage feed system (Stall feeding) Low quality crop residues used as animal feed Cattle tethered

9. Beef cattle performance Calving rate 45-56% (Bali cattle) or 36% (Ongole crossbreeds) Calf mortality 18% Calving interval 15-17 months Cow mortality 2.70% Growth dictated by seasonal feed availability - Wet season daily live weight gain 0.25-0.50 kg/d - Dry season weight loss 20%

10. What should we do?? Better feed managment can change the productivity of cattle Apply “Three in one” as Vision – One year-One cow-One calf

11. National twin project has no impact

12. Potential huge grazing area in eastern Indonesia

13. Lack of knowledge about importance of good quality forage to cattle production – reliance on communal grazing and native grass Lack of access to suitable productive species or lack of land to grow improved forages in intensive cropping systems Difficult environmental conditions e.g. low rainfall, long dry seasons, poor soils Forage Limitation at Smallholder farm

14. Response of weaned Bali calf given native grass and libitum

15. Making better management and use of existing forage sources Gliricidia and Leucaena are present in most villages but poorly utilised and managed Farmers have no experience Lack of cattle acceptance

16. BW = Body weight, DM = dry matter Responses of weaned Bali calves given tree legumes as single feed or as feed supplement

17. Better management of existing forage Better Management of Forage Cut regularly Fertilizing Weed control No urea fertilization Urea fertilization

18. Panicum maximum Stylosanthes cv verano Paspalum atratum Arachis pintoi Brachiaria X cv Mulato Clitoria ternatea Introduction of new forage new pasture and cut & carry grasses and legumes Brachiaria mulatoPaspalum atratumPanicum maximum

19. Weaning was not practiced by farmers Weaning and mating management Weaning calf at 5-6 months old provide some benefits

20. Growth of early weaned Bali calf in villages

21. Control mating AMJJASONDJPMAMJJASONDJPM Wet season Dry season AMJJASONDJPMAMJJASONDJPM Mating Calving Mating 1 Calving 1 Mating 2 Weaning Calving 2 Uncontrolled mating (naturally) Control mating calendar Calving at the end of wet season Weaning at wet season

22. The main benefit of weaning early and control mating Synergize the available nutrients and nutrient demand Increase the reproductive performance of the cows - Increase pregnancy rate - Decrease calving to conception interval - Increase weaning rate - Decrease calf mortality

23. Integration Cattle-Crops Increasing human food demand, most of arable land used for crops Huge amount of agricultural byproducts produced annually (e.g. Rice straw) Until recently Agricultural byproduct have not been yet fully utilized Integration cattle-crops allows nutrients to be recycled more efficiently Most of them are low nutritive value Difficult to use the product at fresh form over extended period

24. Integrated farming system (Crops+ forages+ cattle) Forages +Crop residues Cattle pen Cattle/Beef Bio gas Faeces Fertiliser Packing ORGANIC FARM Marketing Control mating, calving, weaning, feeding etc, Model of integration between cattle and crops Key Feed

25. The Integration Cattle and Plantation Large Plantation occupy most of the arable land Free grazing or tethered on the vegetation under plantations of coconut and oil palm Save approximately 30% cost of weed control The area under this plantation can be grown for Leucaena, Gliricidia, stylo, Panicum maximum, Pennisetum purpureum ) for cut and carry

26. Plantation byproducts Oil palm byproducts such as palm press fibre, palm fronds, palm kernel meal Coconut byproduct namely copra meal Sugar cane byproducts: sugar cane top and baggase Cacao pods

27. Indonesia is the second largest cacao producer in the world after Cote d Ivoire Total plantation area 1.19 million ha (more than 50% from Sulawesi) 75% cacao fruit is pod- high potential for ruminant feed Contain medium protein content One hectare can produce about 1 ton DM cacao pod/year Using cacao pod will reduce the incidence of cacao disease ( Conopomorpha cramerella) Use Cocoa Pods to Address Feed Gaps in the Dry season

28. Cattle eating fresh cacao pods

29. Use and Conserving crop residues Rice straw (Jerami padi) – usually low quality but can be supplemented with e.g. Tree legume Maize stover – usually of medium quality and digestibility if conserved soon after harvest Cassava top peanut, cowpea and mungbean straw – these retain good protein levels if harvested correctly

30. Recommendations Beef self sufficiency can be achieved through incresaing beef cattle population Program to achieve beef self sufficiency must be focused on small holder farmers as part integration system Strategy to optimise and explore feed and forages should be facilitate by: – Improve and provide infrastructure – Increase capacity building of farmers, extensionist and relevant stakeholders

31. Thank You