1. Waves
Physical Science
Goal 3.04

2. Warm-up
When you go to a sporting event, what happens when you do a wave?
How do you know what to do?
How do you know when to do it?
Do you end up back in your seat when you are done

3. A wave is a repeating disturbance or movement that transfers energy through matter or space

4. A A rock is dropped in the water at point A.
After 10 waves, where will each float be?

5. A Waves transfer ENERGY, not the material through which they move.
The floats will be in the same places after the waves pass. They will bob up and down as the waves go by.

6. Mechanical Waves
Mechanical waves are waves that require a material, or a medium, to travel
Mechanical waves can be:
compressional (longitudinal)
transverse

7. Transverse Waves
Transverse waves are the waves that happen in the ocean.
They go up and down.

8. Parts of a Transverse Wave
Wavelength
Crest
Amplitude
Origin
Trough

9. Compressional Waves
Compressional waves is what occurs when you play with a slinky!
The waves go back and forth.
Examples of compressional waves:
Sound waves (we’ll talk more about this later! )

10. Parts of a Compressional Wave
(parts where it is “uncompressed”)

11. Properties of a Wave Wavelength (): measured in meters
Transverse: distance from crest to crest or trough to trough
Compressional: distance from compression to compression

12. Properties of a Wave
Frequency: number of wavelengths that pass a fixed point each second
In transverse waves – counting the number of crests or troughs that pass by a point each second
In compressional waves – the number of compressions that pass a point every second
measured in Hz (1/s)
F = 1/T
Period: time (s) it takes for 1 wavelength to pass a point
As the frequency of a wave increases, the period decreases.
Measured in seconds

13. Properties of a Wave
Amplitude: related to the energy carried by a wave (greater the amplitude, the more energy carried by the wave)
Compressional: how tightly the medium is compressed
Denser the compression, the larger the amplitude
Transverse: distance from crest or trough of the wave to the rest position of the medium
measure in meters

14. Speed (m/s) = frequency (Hz) x wavelength (m)
Wave Speed Equation:
Speed (m/s) = frequency (Hz) x wavelength (m)
v = f
v = /T

15. Practice Problems
The frequency of a sound wave is 440 Hz. It has a wavelength of m. Find its speed.
The speed of a sound wave is 350 m/s. It has a frequency of 220 Hz. What is its wavelength?

17. Warm-Up Draw and diagram two wave:
(Crest, Trough, Amplitude, wavelength)
A compression wave
A transverse wave

18. Sound is a WAVE!!!!
Sound waves are compressional waves!!

19. How does sound work?
Compressions and rarefractions move away from a speaker as molecules in the air collide with their neighbors. As the speaker continues to vibrate, more molecules in the air are pushed together and spread apart. A series of compressions and rarefractions form and travel from the speaker to your ear! The sound wave is what you hear!!!!!!!!!!!!

20. Speed of Sound
Most sounds travel through air to reach your ears, but have you ever been underwater and heard sounds???
Sound waves can travel through many different materials – solids, liquids or gases.
What about where there is no particles?? Do you think sound can travel on the moon???
It can’t!!!!! Sound can ONLY travel through particles! Astronauts must use special electronic equipment to communicate

21. Speed of Sound
Sound doesn’t travel at the same speed through each material.
Sound travels the fastest though solids because the particles are very close together and the collide quickly!
Medium
Speed of Sound (m/s)
Air
347
Cork
500
Water
1,498
Brick
3,650
Aluminum
4,877

22. Speed of Sound
The speed of sound DOES NOT depend on the loudness of the sound!!
Loud sounds travel through a medium at the same speed as soft sounds.

23. Using Sound Acoustics is the study of sound
Concert halls are built to reflect sound in some directions and absorb them in others

25. Warm Up What is the wave equation?
What is the relationship between period and frequency?
A wave traveling with a frequency of 23 Hz has a wavelength of .34m. What is the speed of the wave?

26. Harder wave equation problems
What is the velocity of wave with a period of .34 s if the wavelength is 10 m?
What is the wavelength of a wave with a velocity of 300 m/s and a frequency of 1.5KHz?
What is the wavelength of a sound with a pitch of 440 Hz?

27. Propagation
Most waves needed something to move through. The material a wave moved through was called the medium
Electromagnetic
waves need no
such medium

29. How to make them EM waves are also called rays
They are made by changing an electric or magnetic field. This then transfers energy!

30. EM spectrum problems EM spectrum problems
use the same wave equation as always
The velocity of anything on the electromagnetic spectrum is constant = 300,000,000 m/s… this is the speed of light
If you have a wavelength you can look at an EM spectrum to determine what type of wave you are dealing with?