1. Earth Science 14.3 Seafloor Sediments

2. Seafloor Sediments
Except for steep areas of the continental slope and the crest of the mid-ocean ridge, most of the sea floor is covered with sediment.
Some of this sediment has been deposited by turbidity currents.
The rest has slowly settled to the seafloor from above.

3. Seafloor Sediments The thickness of ocean seafloor sediments varies.
Some trenches act as traps of sediment originating on the continental margin.
The accumulation of sediment may approach as much as 10 kilometers in thickness.
In general accumulations of sediment are much less, about 500 to 1000 meters.

4. Seafloor Sediments
Generally courser sediments, such as sand, cover the continental shelf and slope while finer sediments, such as clay, cover the deep ocean floor.
Various types of sediments accumulate on nearly all areas of the ocean floor in the same way dust accumulates in all parts of your home.
Even the deep ocean floor, far from land, receives small amounts of windblown material and microscopic parts of organisms.

5. Types of Seafloor Sediments
Ocean floor sediments can be classified, according to their origin, into three broad categories:
Terrigenous sediments
Biogenous sediments
Hydrogenous sediments
Ocean bottom sediment map. Lithogenous areas are mauve, biogenous areas are purple and brown (purple = siliceous ooze, brown = calcareous ooze), and hydrogenous areas are blue.

6. Types of Seafloor Sediments
Ocean floor sediments are usually mixtures of various sediment types.
Over millions of years, marine sediments such as sand or the shells and skeletons of ocean organisms can form sedimentary rock.
For example, chalk is a form of limestone made up mostly of the tiny shells of one-celled ocean organisms.

7. Types of Seafloor Sediments
Terrigenous Sediments:
Terrigenous sediment is sediment that originates on land.
Terrigenous sediments consist primarily of mineral grains that were eroded from continental rocks and transported to the ocean.
Larger particles such as gravel and sand usually settle rapidly near shore.
Finer particles such as clay can take years to settle to the ocean floor and may be carried thousands of kilometers by ocean currents before settling.

8. Types of Seafloor Sediments
Deep
Ocean
floor
Terrigenous Sediments:
Clay accumulates very slowly n the ocean bottom. To form a 1 cm abyssal clay layer, requires as much as 50,000 years.
In contrast, on the continental margins near the mouths of large rivers, terrigenous sediment accumulates rapidly and forms thick deposits.
In the Gulf of Mexico, for example, the sediment is many kilometers thick from runoff from the Mississippi River.
Mississippi
Delta

9. Types of Seafloor Sediments
Biogenous sediments:
Biogenous sediment is sediment that is biological in origin.
Biogenous sediments consist of shells and skeletons of small marine animals and algae.
This debris is produced mostly by microscopic organisms living in surface waters.
Once these organisms die, their hard shells sink, accumulating on the ocean floor.
Ocean bottom sediment map. Lithogenous areas are mauve, biogenous areas are purple and brown (purple = siliceous ooze, brown = calcareous ooze), and hydrogenous areas are blue.

10. Types of Seafloor Sediments
Biogenous sediments:
The most common biogenous sediment is calcareous ooze.
Calcareous ooze is produced from the calcium carbonate shells of organisms.
Calcareous ooze has the consistency of thick mud.
Ocean bottom sediment map. Lithogenous areas are mauve, biogenous areas are purple and brown (purple = siliceous ooze, brown = calcareous ooze), and hydrogenous areas are blue.

11. Types of Seafloor Sediments
Biogenous sediments:
When calcium carbonate shells slowly sink into deeper parts of the ocean, they began to dissolve.
In ocean water deeper than 4500 meters, these shells completely dissolve before they reach bottom.
As a result, calcareous ooze does not accumulate in the deeper areas of ocean basins.
Ocean bottom sediment map. Lithogenous areas are mauve, biogenous areas are purple and brown (purple = siliceous ooze, brown = calcareous ooze), and hydrogenous areas are blue.

12. Types of Seafloor Sediments
Biogenous sediments:
Other biogenous sediments include siliceous ooze and phosphate-rich material.
Siliceous ooze is composed primarily of the shells of diatoms, single celled algae, and radiolarians, single celled animals that that have shells made out of silica.
Ocean bottom sediment map. Lithogenous areas are mauve, biogenous areas are purple and brown (purple = siliceous ooze, brown = calcareous ooze), and hydrogenous areas are blue.
Radiolarians
Diatoms

13. Types of Seafloor Sediments
Biogenous sediments:
Phosphate rich organisms are materials that come from the bones, teeth, and scales of fish and other marine organisms.
Ocean bottom sediment map. Lithogenous areas are mauve, biogenous areas are purple and brown (purple = siliceous ooze, brown = calcareous ooze), and hydrogenous areas are blue.

14. Types of Seafloor Sediments
Hydrogenous Sediments:
Hydrogenous sediment consists of minerals that crystallize directly from the ocean water through various chemical reactions.
Hydrogenous sediments constitute only a small portion of overall sediments in the ocean. They do, however, have many compositions and are distributed in many different environments.
The three most common types of hydrogenous sediments include manganese nodules, calcium carbonates, and evaporites.
Ocean bottom sediment map. Lithogenous areas are mauve, biogenous areas are purple and brown (purple = siliceous ooze, brown = calcareous ooze), and hydrogenous areas are blue.

15. Types of Seafloor Sediments
Hydrogenous sediments: Manganese nodules
Manganese nodules are rounded hard lumps of manganese.
These metals precipitate around an object such as a grain of sand.
The nodules can be up to 20 centimeters in diameter and are often scattered across deep areas of ocean floor.
Ocean bottom sediment map. Lithogenous areas are mauve, biogenous areas are purple and brown (purple = siliceous ooze, brown = calcareous ooze), and hydrogenous areas are blue.
Manganese nodules

16. Types of Seafloor Sediments
Hydrogenous sediments: Calcium carbonates
Calcium carbonates form by precipitation directly from ocean water in warm climates.
If this material is buried and hardens, a type of limestone forms.
Most limestone, however, is composed of biogenous sediment.
Ocean bottom sediment map. Lithogenous areas are mauve, biogenous areas are purple and brown (purple = siliceous ooze, brown = calcareous ooze), and hydrogenous areas are blue.
Calcium carbonates are
used to make
dustless chalks

17. Types of Seafloor Sediments
Hydrogenous Sediments: Evaporites (salts)
Evaporites form where evaporation rates are high and there is restricted open-ocean circulation.
As water evaporates from such areas, the remaining ocean water becomes saturated with dissolved minerals that than began to precipitate.
Ocean bottom sediment map. Lithogenous areas are mauve, biogenous areas are purple and brown (purple = siliceous ooze, brown = calcareous ooze), and hydrogenous areas are blue.

18. Types of Seafloor Sediments
Hydrogenous Sediments: Evaporites (salts)
Collectively termed “salts”, some evaporate materials do taste salty, such as halite, or common table salt.
Other salts do not taste salty, such as calcium sulfate minerals anhydrite and gypsum.
Ocean bottom sediment map. Lithogenous areas are mauve, biogenous areas are purple and brown (purple = siliceous ooze, brown = calcareous ooze), and hydrogenous areas are blue.