1. 13.1 Native American Cultures in Crisis
OBJECTIVE: To understand conflicts that occurred during settlement of the Western frontier.

2. What forces were behind the conflicts that occurred during settlement of the Western frontier?

3. ANALYSIS: IMPACT OF SETTLEMENT ON NATIVE AMERICANS
FACTORS/ EVENTS
Examples
US Govt. and Settlers
Native Americans
OUTCOME
Westward Push/
Resistance
Assimilation
Ghost Dance

4. Broken Promises American Indians
Pressured by encroaching settlers, loss of land, decline in game
Broken treaties and corrupt govt. Indian Agents
 armed struggle and conflict

5. GREAT PLAINS NATIVE AMERICANS
Two cultures:
Osage and Iowa = Farmers
Sioux and Cheyenne = Nomadic Tribes
HORSE  MOBILITY  DEPENDENCE ON BUFFALO  CONFLICT

7. ENVIRONMENTAL DECLINE  END OF AMERICAN INDIAN WAY OF LIFE
15 million buffalo reduced to 1,000 by 1885
Less Buffalo  Less food for American Indians
Scarcity  Conflict among tribes and with Settlers
Conflict Am. Indians put on Reservations

11. Map: Transcontinental Railroads and Federal Land Grants, 1850-1900
Despite the laissez-faire ideology that argued against government interference in business, Congress heavily subsidized American railroads and gave them millions of acres of land. As illustrated in the box, belts of land were reserved on either side of a railroad's right of way. Until the railroad claimed the exact one-mile-square sections it chose to possess, all such sections within the belt remained closed to settlement.
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12. - Completion of Transcontinental Railroad

13. Homestead Act of 1862 160 acres for free IF
1. improve the land
2. pay $30
3. live there for 5 years OR
1. live there for 6 months
2. pay $1.25 an acre
500,000 families attempt homesteading, 2 out of 3 failed.
Corrupt corporations made biggest use of act for land-grabs.
Exodusters – Af. Americans leave south & settle in Kansas
SIGNIFICANCE: Encouraged rapid migration and made land and farms possible for many Americans without wealth.

14. Red Cloud's Delegations, 1868
Red Cloud (seated, second from left), with other Oglala Sioux, visited President Grant at the White House to argue for his people's right to trade at Fort Laramie, Wyoming. His clothing, unlike the traditional Native American dress of the other chiefs, reflected his desire to negotiate with whites on equal terms. ( National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.)
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15. Indian “Pacification”
US Govt. signs treaties with Native Americans  Led to Reservation System (= Boundaries)
PROBLEM: Ignored reality of migration of tribes, buffalo and especially settlers
BROKEN PROMISES: US did not respect terms of treaties, violated its own “boundaries” and failed to provide security and food to tribes.

16. Map: Western Indian Reservations, 1890
Native-American reservations were almost invariably located on poor-quality lands. Consequently, when the Dawes Severalty Act broke up the reservations into 160-acre farming tracts, many of the semiarid divisions would not support cultivation.
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17. 1868-1890 : period of Indian Wars
1864: Chivington’s militia massacre 400+ women and children at Sand Creek, CO
1866: 81 soldiers & settlers killed Bozeman, MT (Fetterman)
1868: Fort Laramie Treaty, govt. abandon’s Bozeman Trail
1874: Col. Custer creates gold rush to Black Hills, SD, sacred to Sioux. Sitting Bull destroys Custer’s command at Littl Big Horn
1877: Nez Perce lands appropriated for gold. Nez Perce flee on 1700 mile trek to Canada. Stopped and sent to Kansas, where 40% died of disease.
Geronimo leads resistance of Apache in South West.
NOTE: 20% of US troops were Buffalo Soldiers

18. “Civilizing” the Indians
1887 Dawes Act  Forced Assimilation policies
Reward good behavior with land and citizenship
Ownership of land to “Americanize” Indians
Another way of taking Indian Land for speculators
1879: Carlisle Indian School,
- “Kill the Indian and Save the man”
- separate children from tribes, educate in - English and white man’s ways

19. Map: The Oklahoma Land Rush, 1889-1906
Lands in Oklahoma not settled by "Sooners" were sold by lotteries, allotments, and sealed-bid auctions. By 1907 the major reservations had been broken up, and each Native American family had been given a small farm.
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20. Ghost Dance

21. 1890: Battle of Wounded Knee
GHOST DANCE:
The whole world is coming, A nation is coming, a nation is coming, The eagle has brought the message to the tribe. The Father says so, the Father says so. Over the whole earth they are coming, The buffalo are coming, the buffalo are coming, The crow has brought the message to the tribe, The Father says so, the Father says so
MASSACRE: Federal Cavalry kills over 300

22. ANALYSIS: IMPACT OF SETTLEMENT ON NATIVE AMERICANS
FACTORS/ EVENTS
Examples
US Govt. and Settlers
Native Americans
OUTCOME
Westward Push/
Resistance
Assimilation
Ghost Dance

23. Why do you think that the assimilation policy of the Dawes Act failed
Why do you think that the assimilation policy of the Dawes Act failed? Support your opinion with information from the text.

24. Mining – pp. 394, 395
Railroads were the means to expand western settlement, mining provided the motive for many to move west.
Migration happened in “boom” and “bust” cycles:
1849 –California
1858/59–Colorado
1859 –Nevada’s Comstock Lode
NOTE: Women followed the men and earned the right to vote out West first:
1869–Wyoming, 1870–Utah, 1893-Colorado, 1896-Idaho

25. Map: Mining and Cattle Frontiers, 1860-1890
The western mining and ranching bonanzas lured thousands of Americans hoping to get rich quick.
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26. Gold miners with sluice, c. 1850
At first, gold miners worked individually, each with a shovel and pan. By the 1850s devices like the one shown here, a "long tom," were making mining a cooperative venture. Miners shoveled clay, dirt, and stone into a long and narrow box, hosed in water at one end, stirred the mixture, and waited for the finer gravel, which might include gold, to fall through small holes and lodge under the box. (The Hallmark Photographic Collection, Hallmark Cards, Inc. Kansas City, Missouri)
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