1. The Basic Checklist

2. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Chapter Overview 1. The Basic Checklist 2. Writing Effectively 3. Speaking Effectively

3. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Lesson Overview What is the purpose of the basic checklist?What is the purpose of the basic checklist? What are the six steps in the basic checklist?What are the six steps in the basic checklist? What is your purpose?What is your purpose? Why is understanding your audience important?Why is understanding your audience important? What are ways of conducting research?What are ways of conducting research?

4. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Lesson Overview How do you support your ideas?How do you support your ideas? What are the benefits of getting organized?What are the benefits of getting organized? What are the organizational patterns?What are the organizational patterns? What are the benefits of outlining?What are the benefits of outlining? What are the benefits of drafting and editing?What are the benefits of drafting and editing? What are the benefits of fighting for feedback?What are the benefits of fighting for feedback?

5. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Quick Write that a new community service organization at your school has decided to sponsor a program, the “Lunch Project,” to make, package, and deliver meals for a local outreach center. The center serves food to the homeless in your community. One committee of the Lunch Project has the job of publishing a four- page monthly newsletter about the program. The newsletter, called Lunch Lines, will go to students, alumni, parents, teachers, local businesses, and community members. Imagine… Graphic # 20132907 www.clipart.com

6. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Quick Write To inform?To inform? To promote the program?To promote the program? To solicit donations?To solicit donations? To profile the families helped?To profile the families helped? Think about the kinds of stories you and the other writers might want to cover. Make a list of five specific story ideas. Share it with a partner in class. You are going to be a writer on the newsletter staff. What do you think the purposes of the newsletter should be?

7. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Purpose of the Basic Checklist The key to good writing is processThe key to good writing is process The basic checklist is a set of guidelines to help you through the processThe basic checklist is a set of guidelines to help you through the process Graphic courtesy of Clipart.com

8. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Steps in the Basic Checklist Analyze purpose and audience Conduct research to support your ideas Support your ideas Get organized Draft and edit Fight for feedback

9. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Your Purpose Your purpose is what you want your audience to think, do, say, or believe after they’ve read what you’ve writtenYour purpose is what you want your audience to think, do, say, or believe after they’ve read what you’ve written Some possible purposes of your writing:Some possible purposes of your writing: – to inform – to direct – to persuade – to inspire

10. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Purpose Statement A purpose statement is a single sentence that sums up what you’re trying to do—your “bottom line” Graphic courtesy of Clipart.com

11. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Understanding Your Audience The better you know your audience, the better you’ll be able to write a message that will accomplish your purpose Graphic courtesy of Clipart.com

12. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Your Tone When you are writing, think about the tone of your messageWhen you are writing, think about the tone of your message Tone is not what you say, but how you say itTone is not what you say, but how you say it Pay close attention to how your writing soundsPay close attention to how your writing sounds

13. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Conducting Research Research is the process of digging up information that supports your purpose—it can help you become an expert on your topic Graphic courtesy of Clipart.com

14. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Using the Library Librarians (real, live human beings) can help you find information and give basic research adviceLibrarians (real, live human beings) can help you find information and give basic research advice Free access to books and periodicals—most of which aren’t available on the InternetFree access to books and periodicals—most of which aren’t available on the Internet Information has been critically reviewed—it’s more trustworthyInformation has been critically reviewed—it’s more trustworthy Graphic courtesy of Clipart.com

15. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Using the Internet Convenient source of informationConvenient source of information Search engines are a good place to start— such as Google or Ask JeevesSearch engines are a good place to start— such as Google or Ask Jeeves But be careful! How do you know if information on the Internet is reliable?But be careful! How do you know if information on the Internet is reliable? Graphic courtesy of Clipart.com

16. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Using the Internet Ask yourself: Who created the website? What are the authors’ motives?Ask yourself: Who created the website? What are the authors’ motives? If you find the same piece of information at two or more sites, the chances of its accuracy are greaterIf you find the same piece of information at two or more sites, the chances of its accuracy are greater It’s better to refer to original material than to rely on someone else’s interpretation of itIt’s better to refer to original material than to rely on someone else’s interpretation of it

17. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Supporting Your Ideas Sort through the information that provides the best supportSort through the information that provides the best support For a controversial question or problem, arrange the evidence in a logical argumentFor a controversial question or problem, arrange the evidence in a logical argument Graphic courtesy of Clipart.com

18. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Using Good Evidence A definition is the precise meaning or significance of a word or phraseA definition is the precise meaning or significance of a word or phrase An example is a specific instance chosen to represent a larger fact in order to clarify an idea or support a claimAn example is a specific instance chosen to represent a larger fact in order to clarify an idea or support a claim Testimony is the comments of authorities that are used to support a claimTestimony is the comments of authorities that are used to support a claim Statistics provide a summary of data in a numerical formatStatistics provide a summary of data in a numerical format Explanation makes a point plain or understandable or creates a relationship between cause and effectExplanation makes a point plain or understandable or creates a relationship between cause and effect

19. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Logical Arguments are Important Logical Arguments are Important They make a case, or a series of statements intended to persuade othersThey make a case, or a series of statements intended to persuade others They give your readers enough information to make decisions on your subjectThey give your readers enough information to make decisions on your subject Graphic courtesy of Clipart.com

20. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Benefits of Getting Organized You’ll save time and frustrationYou’ll save time and frustration Help your audience see your pointsHelp your audience see your points If you take the time to organize and outline your work before starting to write, you’re halfway toward your goalIf you take the time to organize and outline your work before starting to write, you’re halfway toward your goal Time Saver… Graphic courtesy of Clipart.com

21. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Organizational Patterns: To Inform Organizational Patterns: To Inform Topical PatternTopical Pattern –Follows a logical order that reflects the nature of the material and the purpose of the writing –If you were writing about types of foods needed for the Lunch Project program, you might categorize the material according to the Food Guide Pyramid Graphic courtesy of USDA.gov

22. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Patterns: To Inform Chronological PatternChronological Pattern –Use this pattern to discuss events, problems, or processes in the sequence of time in which they take place or should take place (histories, processes, biographies) –In profiling a Lunch Project volunteer in the newsletter, you might tell, in chronological order, how the student became involved with the project

23. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Patterns: To Inform Spatial/Geographical PatternSpatial/Geographical Pattern –Start at some point in space and proceed in sequence to other points –It is based on a directional strategy—north to south, clockwise or counterclockwise, bottom to top, right to left, and so on –Maybe Lunch Lines could publish a map and directions for getting to the community outreach center Graphic courtesy of Clipart.com

24. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Patterns: To Persuade Problem/Solution PatternProblem/Solution Pattern –Use to identify a problem and one or more possible solutions, or to describe an issue and possible techniques for resolving it –If scheduling deliveries for the Lunch Project becomes complicated, for example, Lunch Lines might publish an article on how to solve the problem Graphic courtesy of Clipart.com

25. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Patterns: To Persuade Cause/Effect PatternCause/Effect Pattern –Use to show how one or more ideas, actions, or conditions lead to other ideas, actions, or conditions –You can begin with the effects, and then identify the causes, or vice versa –For instance, an editorial in Lunch Lines might discuss how poverty leads to unhealthy, high-risk behaviors Graphic courtesy of Clipart.com

26. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Patterns: To Persuade Reasoning/Logic PatternReasoning/Logic Pattern –State a position and then provide support for it –Use this pattern when your purpose is to present research that will win over your audience –If you are trying to persuade teachers to support the Lunch Project, look at this issue through their eyes: Start out with the argument that they are most likely to accept, and then move on

27. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Benefits of Outlining Outlining will: Test the flow of ideas Ease the pain of writing the first draft Help you focus on your purpose statement Save you effort when you edit you edit Graphic courtesy of Clipart.com

28. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Drafting Drafting is a quick, first writing of a paper, focused on ideas and not styleDrafting is a quick, first writing of a paper, focused on ideas and not style When you draft, you are a creatorWhen you draft, you are a creator Graphic courtesy of Clipart.com

29. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Editing When you edit, you shift from creator to criticWhen you edit, you shift from creator to critic Editing is the slow, careful examination of a piece of writing to correct and clarify ideas and to ensure the proper formEditing is the slow, careful examination of a piece of writing to correct and clarify ideas and to ensure the proper form Graphic courtesy of Clipart.com

30. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Three-Step Approach to Editing Three-Step Approach to Editing First pass: the big pictureFirst pass: the big picture Arrangement/flow of ideas, purpose, length, introduction, conclusion, completeness Second pass: paragraph structure and claritySecond pass: paragraph structure and clarity Organization of main points and support, unity of focus, topic sentences Third pass: detailsThird pass: details Unclear language, wordiness, and grammar and spelling errors; read your paper aloud as you edit

31. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Fight for Feedback! Feedback is the response of another person to your writingFeedback is the response of another person to your writing Why is a second pair of eyes necessary?Why is a second pair of eyes necessary? –Even the best writers get so close to their projects that they can no longer see them objectively –You may omit vital information, fail to see a weakness in an argument, or overlook need for a transition Graphic courtesy of Clipart.com

32. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Accept Feedback To make good use of feedback, you need an open mindTo make good use of feedback, you need an open mind Learn to accept criticismLearn to accept criticism Don’t take commentsDon’t take comments personally personally Graphic courtesy of Clipart.com

33. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Review Experienced writers know that the key to good writing is processExperienced writers know that the key to good writing is process The basic checklist can help guide you through that writing processThe basic checklist can help guide you through that writing process The checklist has six steps: analyze purpose and audience, conduct research, support your ideas, get organized, draft and edit, and fight for feedbackThe checklist has six steps: analyze purpose and audience, conduct research, support your ideas, get organized, draft and edit, and fight for feedback

34. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Review Your purpose is what you want your audience to think, do, say, or believe after they’ve read what you’ve writtenYour purpose is what you want your audience to think, do, say, or believe after they’ve read what you’ve written The better you know your audience, the better you’ll be able to write a message that will accomplish your purposeThe better you know your audience, the better you’ll be able to write a message that will accomplish your purpose Research is the process of digging up information or evidence that supports your purpose. It can help you become an expert on your topicResearch is the process of digging up information or evidence that supports your purpose. It can help you become an expert on your topic For informative writing, you provide facts to support your ideas. For a controversial question or problem, you must assemble sound evidence as your foundationFor informative writing, you provide facts to support your ideas. For a controversial question or problem, you must assemble sound evidence as your foundation

35. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Review The organizational pattern you choose should depend on your purpose, the needs of your audience, and the nature of your materialThe organizational pattern you choose should depend on your purpose, the needs of your audience, and the nature of your material You’ll save time and frustration if you take time to organize your thoughts and write an outlineYou’ll save time and frustration if you take time to organize your thoughts and write an outline When you draft, you are a creator. When you edit, you shift from creator to criticWhen you draft, you are a creator. When you edit, you shift from creator to critic Fight for feedback, accept it willingly and use it constructively—it’s an important step in the writing processFight for feedback, accept it willingly and use it constructively—it’s an important step in the writing process

36. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Summary What is the purpose of the basic checklist?What is the purpose of the basic checklist? What are the six steps in the basic checklist?What are the six steps in the basic checklist? What is your purpose?What is your purpose? Why is understanding your audience important?Why is understanding your audience important? What are ways of conducting research?What are ways of conducting research?

37. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Summary How do you support your ideas?How do you support your ideas? What are the benefits of getting organized?What are the benefits of getting organized? What are the organizational patterns?What are the organizational patterns? What are the benefits of outlining?What are the benefits of outlining? What are the benefits of drafting and editing?What are the benefits of drafting and editing? What are the benefits of fighting for feedback?What are the benefits of fighting for feedback?

38. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Next Done—the basic checklistDone—the basic checklist Next—writing effectivelyNext—writing effectively Graphic courtesy of Clipart.com