1. + Rhetorical Devices Summer School 2012

2. + What is rhetoric? The art of persuasion Using words/ language to persuade

3. + Terms we’ve already discussed that are also used to persuade Irony Metaphor Simile Personification Hyperbole Onomatopoeia Oxymoron Alliteration Assonance Consonance Paradox

4. + Parallelism Repeated grammatical pattern. "When you are right, you cannot be too radical; when you are wrong, you cannot be too conservative." (Martin Luther King, Jr.) "It wasn’t a big cliff. It was only about four feet high. But it was enough to blow out the front tire, knock off the back bumper, break Dad’s glasses, make Aunt Edythe spit out her false teeth, spill a jug of Kool-Aid, bump Missy’s head, spread the Auto Bingo pieces all over, and make Mark do number two." (John Hughes, "Vacation '58." National Lampoon, 1980)

5. + Antithesis A rhetorical term for the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas in balanced phrases or clauses "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way." (Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities)

6. + Anaphora A rhetorical device that consists of repeating a sequence of words at the beginning of neighboring clauses, thereby lending them emphasis In time the savage bull sustains the yoke, In time all haggard hawks will stoop to lure, In time small wedges cleave the hardest oak, In time the flint is pierced with softest shower. — Thomas Kyd, The Spanish Tragedy, I, vi. 3Thomas Kyd, The Spanish Tragedy, I, vi. 3

7. + Epistrophe The repetition of the same word or words at the end of successive phrases, clauses or sentences.phrases, clauses or sentences. “Where affections bear rule, their reason is subdued, honesty is subdued, good will is subdued, and all things else that withstand evil, for ever are subdued.” — Thomas Wilson “... this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom — and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.” — Abraham Lincoln in the Gettysburg AddressAbraham Lincoln in the Gettysburg Address

8. + Understatement (opposite of hyperbole) A form of speech which contains an expression of less strength than what would be expected Event: After trekking more than 7000 miles through the African wilderness, previously almost completely unexplored by white Europeans, Henry Morton Stanley found David Livingstone, the only other white European in central Africa at that time. Stanley is credited with greeting Livingstone with the phrase, “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?”

9. + Repetition the simple repeating of a word, within a sentence or a poetical line, with no particular placement of the words, in order to emphasize “I have a dream”– MLK

10. + Enumeration Detailing or listing parts, causes, effects, or consequences to make a point more forcibly I love her eyes, her hair, her nose, her cheeks, her lips [etc.]. When the new highway opened, more than just the motels and restaurants prospered. The stores noted a substantial increase in sales, more people began moving to town, a new dairy farm was started, the old Main Street Theater doubled its showings and put up a new building....

11. + Rhetorical Question a figure of speech in the form of a question that is asked in order to make a point and without the expectation of a reply O mighty Caesar! dost thou lie so low? Are all thy conquests, glories, triumphs, spoils, Shrunk to this little measure? (Shakespeare, Julius Caesar, III.i.148)

12. + Ethos Ethical appeal– appealing to morals, values, character in order to persuade

13. + Pathos Appeals to emotions, pulling at the heart strings

14. + Logos Appeal to logic & reasoning An example of an argument that relies on logos is the argument that smoking is harmful based on the evidence that "Cigarette smoke contains over 4,800 chemicals, 69 of which are known to cause cancer."