1. Dr. Marwan Jabr Alwazzeh Assoc. Prof. of Medicine Consultant Internist/ Infectious Diseases University of Dammam

2. Berkely Moynihan 1920 " Every operation in surgery is an experiment in bacteriology" Berkely Moynihan 1920

3. DEFINITIONS Contamination: the bacteria do not increase in number or cause clinical problems Colonization: the bacteria multiply, but wound tissues are not damaged Infection: Local infection: the bacteria multiply, healing is disrupted and wound tissues are damaged Spreading infection: the bacteria produce problems nearby Systemic infection.

4. DEFINITIONS *Localized infection may or may not be accompanied by the classical signs and symptoms of inflammation.

5. Tow or more of the following: Temperature ≥38 °C or ≤36 °C Heart rate ≥90 beats/min Respirations ≥20/min or arterial Carbone dioxide tension (PaCO2) < 32 mm Hg White blood cell count ≥12,000/mm3 or ≤4000/mm3 or >10% immature [band] forms DEFINITIONS Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome

6. DEFINITIONS

8. Host factors Diabetes mellitus Hypoxemia Hypothermia Leukopenia Nicotine (tobacco smoking) Immunosuppression Malnutrition Poor skin hygiene Obesity Steroid use  Hospital stay

9. Classification of surgical wounds

10. Surgical wounds TypeExample CleanHernia repair Clean-contaminatedElective colectomy ContaminatedEmergency colectomy DirtyPerforated appendicitis

11. Surgical site infections (SSIs)

12. SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS ACUTE WOUNDS Localized infection Spreading infection Classical findings: new or increasing pain Erythema local warmth Swelling purulent discharge Delayed healing Abscess Malodour As for localized infection PLUS: extension of erythema Lymphangitis Crepitus in soft tissues Wound breakdown/dehiscence

13. Postoperative fever 5 Ws Wind (atelectasis/pneumonia) Water (UTI) Walk (DVT-PA) Wound (infection) Wonder (drug reaction)

14. SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS CHRONIC WOUNDS Localized infection Spreading infection New, increased or altered pain Delayed healing Periwound oedema Bleeding or easily damaged granulation tissue Distinctive malodour or change in odour Wound bed discoloration Increased or altered/purulent exudate Induration Pocketing Bridging As for localized infection PLUS: Wound breakdown Erythema extending from wound edge Crepitus, warmth, induration or discoloration spreading into periwound area Lymphangitis Malaise or other non-specific deterioration in patient’s general condition

15. Localized infection-Bridging

16. INVESTIGATIONS Acute wounds with signs of infection Chronic wounds with signs of spreading or systemic infection Infected chronic wounds that have not responded to or are deteriorating despite appropriate antimicrobial treatment As required by local surveillance protocols for drug resistant micro-organisms

17. The best technique for swabbing wounds has not been identified and validated. In general, sampling should take place after wound cleansing (and, if appropriate, debridement), and should concentrate on areas of the wound of greatest clinical concern INVESTIGATIONS

18. EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF WOUND INFECTION GENERAL MEASURES Manage any systemic symptoms, such as pain Pyrexia Provide patient and carer education Optimize patient cooperation with management plan Ensure psychosocial support

19. EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF WOUND INFECTION OPTIMIZE HOST RESPONSE Optimize management of comorbidities (optimize glycaemic control in diabetic patients, enhance tissue perfusion/oxygenation) Minimize or eliminate risk factors for infection where feasible Optimize nutritional status and hydration Seek and treat other sites of infection (urinary tract infection)

20. EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF WOUND INFECTION REDUCE BACTERIAL LOAD Prevent further wound contamination or crosscontamination Facilitate wound drainage as appropriate Optimize wound bed (debridement, increase frequency of dressing change as appropriate, cleanse wound at each dressing change, manage excess exudate, manage malodour) topical antiseptic Antimicrobial therapy /systemic antibiotic(s)

21. EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF WOUND INFECTION The ideal agent for and method of cleansing infected wounds have not yet been identified. There is a role for judicious irrigation with an antiseptic solution (at body temperature) to assist with reduction of wound bacterial load.

22. Antiseptics

23. Using of topical antibiotics The use of topical antibiotics in the management of infected wounds should generally be avoided to minimize the risk of allergy and the emergence of bacterial resistance. Topical antibiotics should only be used in infected wounds under very specific circumstances by experienced clinicians.

24. Using of systemic antibiotics Indications for systemic antibiotics Prophylaxis where risk of wound infection is high (e.g. contaminated colonic surgery or ‘dirty’ traumatic wounds) Spreading or systemic wound infection When culture results reveal b-haemolytic streptococci, even in the absence of signs of infection

25. Using systemic antibiotics Review antibiotic regimen There is no improvement of systemic or local signs and symptoms, re-evaluate the patient and the wound; Consider microbiological analysis and changing antibiotic regimen If the patient has an antibiotic-related adverse event; discontinue causative antibiotic Discontinue/review systemic antibiotics At the end of the prescribed course (according to type of infection, wound type, patient comorbidities and local prescribing policy)

27. We cannot live without bacteria!