1. From Conflict Prevention to Nation Rebuilding - The Civilian Role Mr. Cornelis (Kees) Steenken Senior Advisor DDR Swedish National Defence College Cornelis.steenken@fhs.se

2. PEACE OPERATIONS: MULTI-DIMENSIONAL Broad spectrum; Broad spectrum;  prevention, mitigation, termination and recovery phases; Multi-organizational; Multi-organizational; Multi-disciplinary; Multi-disciplinary;

3. SECTORS: Security; Humanitarian Assistance; Human Rights; Law and Order – ROL; Governance; Development; Industry & Economy STAKEHOLDERS: National Governments Local Community; Regional Organizations; Military; Police; International Organizations NGO Politicians and Diplomats; Financial Institutions; Business; Transnational Corporations; ICRC Participants, Stakeholders and Sectors

4. Post Conflict space SSR Social and Economic Reforms Capacity Building Infrastructure Development Humanitarian DDR IFI NGO´s IO Human Rights UN Mission Regional Issues Civil Society Gender National Government

5. National Actors Government (real, representative?) Government (real, representative?) Armed Groups, Armed Groups, Politicians and Diplomats. Politicians and Diplomats. Interlocutors for peace and political processes Interlocutors for peace and political processes National Ministries and Commissions on DDR (NCDDR) National Ministries and Commissions on DDR (NCDDR) Civil society Civil society Communities Communities  All need capacity building ….

6. OCHA -- Coordination of InformationOCHA -- Coordination of Information UNHCR -- Basic human needs and protection of refugeesUNHCR -- Basic human needs and protection of refugees WFP -- FoodWFP -- Food UNICEF -- ChildrenUNICEF -- Children WHO -- HealthWHO -- Health UNHCHR -- Human RightsUNHCHR -- Human Rights UNITED NATIONS AGENCIES IN PEACE OPERATIONS

7. United Nations;  UN in country Mission  Multi-Agency  Civilian, Military and Police  Integrated Training Section (DPKO)  Merge of TES and CTS  Does in Mission training with a mix of Military, Police and Civilian trainers.

8. REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Organization of American States (OAS) Organization of American States (OAS) African Union (AU) African Union (AU) Association of South East Asia Nations (ASEAN) Association of South East Asia Nations (ASEAN) European Union (EU) European Union (EU)

9. DEALING WITH DIFFERENT NEEDS AFTER WAR FORMER COMBATANTS IDPS PEOPLE WHO STAYED REFUGEES COMMON GROUND FOREIGNERS

10. POSSIBLE OUTCOMES SUCCESSFUL RE/INTEGRATION

11. Community The key to successful reintegration The key to successful reintegration What have they gone through and what are their reactions to former combatants, refugees and returnees? What have they gone through and what are their reactions to former combatants, refugees and returnees? Is forgiveness possible? Is forgiveness possible?  Acceptance, co-existence, tolerance, reconciliation? Time Time

12. Lots of Actors – like Herding Cats

13. Peace Building Operations These are too delicate, too expensive and fraught with many dangers as were again made aware of through the tragic loss of more civilians and military in Iraq yesterday. These are too delicate, too expensive and fraught with many dangers as were again made aware of through the tragic loss of more civilians and military in Iraq yesterday.

14. Transitional Justice /Law Enforcement Judicial System / Laws Human Rights Corrections International Courts and Tribunals Truth Commissions Community Rebuilding Individual Healing and Empowerment Control of Belligerents Territorial Security Protection of Populace Protection of Key Individuals, Infrastructure, and Institutions Reform of Local Security Institutions - SSR Regional Security National Constituting Processes Transitional Governance Executive Authority Legislative Strengthening Local Governance Transparency and Anti-Corruption Elections Political Parties Civil Society Media Refugees & IDPs Food Security / Public Health Shelter / Educational System Social Safety Net Economic Strategy and Assistance Physical Infrastructure Employment Generation /Markets Legal and Regulatory Reform International Trade / Investment Banking and Finance Security Social & Economic Well-beingGovernance & Participation Justice & Reconciliation Adopted from: Post-Conflict Reconstruction Task Framework, Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) and the Association of the United States Army (AUSA, 2002) DD R Adapted by Anton Baaré and Kees Steenken

15. Roles of Civilians Very Broad range of roles Very Broad range of roles EU focus on four priority areas of Civilian Crisis Management: Policing, Rule of Law, Civil Administration and Civilian Protection EU focus on four priority areas of Civilian Crisis Management: Policing, Rule of Law, Civil Administration and Civilian Protection They need to have at a minimum some basic, culturally appropriate, comprehensive training package They need to have at a minimum some basic, culturally appropriate, comprehensive training package

16. Where do they get the knowledge and skills On the ground or OJT On the ground or OJT Academic Institutions Academic Institutions Peacekeeping training Centres Peacekeeping training Centres  EU Group on Training  IAPTC  Eg SWEDINT and Peaceworkers UK  Specialty Courses – DDR, CIMIC, ROL Exercises and scenario based training Exercises and scenario based training Self Study Self Study

17. Need for training opportunities We need to sustain and even reinforce training centres, their courses as well as the pre-mission training so as to maximize our effectiveness on the ground. We need to sustain and even reinforce training centres, their courses as well as the pre-mission training so as to maximize our effectiveness on the ground. We should encourage donors to mandate that some of the allocated funds be used for training and capacity building of new staff and continuing education of those who have the hard won experiences. We should encourage donors to mandate that some of the allocated funds be used for training and capacity building of new staff and continuing education of those who have the hard won experiences. Civilians should be encouraged and funded to attend military training exercises as it improves realism and benefits all parties. Civilians should be encouraged and funded to attend military training exercises as it improves realism and benefits all parties.

18. Lesson Learned? Need to write and outline what we did Need to write and outline what we did Need to share this information openly not just park it on desks or behind unrealistic security constraints Need to share this information openly not just park it on desks or behind unrealistic security constraints Clear details of Monitoring and Evaluation so as to be self critical and improve capacity, interoperability and efficiency in the field Clear details of Monitoring and Evaluation so as to be self critical and improve capacity, interoperability and efficiency in the field Needs to be better coordination and cooperation between all elements in missions Needs to be better coordination and cooperation between all elements in missions

19. Summary Civilian roles are varied and multiple Civilian roles are varied and multiple They are present in every sector of the post conflict space and the rebuilding of a shattered country They are present in every sector of the post conflict space and the rebuilding of a shattered country They like the militaries need to be trained educated They like the militaries need to be trained educated