1. Chapter 1
A People and a Nation

2. What caused the extinction of most of the large American mammals over 10,000 years ago?
1. Overhunting by the growing human population.
2. Climactic change.
3. A wide-spread epidemic.
4. Scholars cannot agree on whether overhunting or the change in climate caused the mass extinction.

3. What caused the extinction of most of the large American mammals over 10,000 years ago?
4. Scholars cannot agree on whether overhunting or the change in climate caused the mass extinction.
Hint: See p. 5.

4. In North American before 1492, agricultural societies:
Were organized matrillineally.
Always defined agricultural labor as men’s work.
Had low birth rates.
Relied on women as religious leaders.

5. In North American before 1492, agricultural societies:
Were organized matrillineally.
Hint: While agricultural societies differed in regards to their concepts of men’s and women’s roles, they were consistently arranged matrillineally; that is, clans were linked by the female members of the families. See p. 10.

6. Fifteenth-century Upper Guinea, the northern area of West Africa, was heavily influenced by:
Spanish Catholicism
Islamic Mediterranean culture.
Its relationship to the interior areas of Africa.
The slave trade.

7. Fifteenth-century Upper Guinea, the northern area of West Africa, was heavily influenced by:
Islamic Mediterranean culture.
Hint: Trade encouraged contact between the peoples of Africa and the Mediterranean area. The Islamic faith spread along these trade routes. See p. 12.

8. The Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453) between England and France was caused by:
A struggle for control over the northern coast of modern-day France.
An English claim to the French throne.
Religious differences.
Disagreement over control of important trading routes.

9. The Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453) between England and France was caused by:
An English claim to the French throne.
Hint: The English monarchy claimed the French throne. Because of the war, traders from the south were forced to develop maritime routes to reach the northern areas of Europe. See p. 15.

10. The Portuguese used slaves on the island of Madeira in order to cultivate:
Tobacco
Rice
Sugar
Wine

11. The Portuguese used slaves on the island of Madeira in order to cultivate:
3. Sugar
Hint: Since the cultivation of sugar requires an immense amount of hard physical labor, the Portuguese used slaves, who could not quit, in order to produce this incredibly profitable crop. See p. 16.

12. Around the year 1001, Norse voyagers settled in:
Newfoundland
Greenland
Iceland
Nova Scotia

13. Around the year 1001, Norse voyagers settled in:
Newfoundland
Hint: The Norsemen and women had lived in Greenland and Iceland previous to this time. Hint: See p. 21.

14. John Cabot, a Genovese master mariner, sailed to North America in 1497 for which European monarch?
Queen Isabella of Spain
The Holy Roman Emperor
He did not sail for a monarch; Cabot was an independent merchant.
Henry VII of England.

15. John Cabot, a Genovese master mariner, sailed to North America in 1497 for which European monarch?
Henry VII of England.
Hint: Like Columbus’ journey, Cabot’s excursion helped establish permanent trading routes between Europe and the Western Hemisphere. See p

16. Who was Malinche?
A female slave given to Cortés upon his arrival in Mayan territory.
Cortés’ translator.
Mother of Cortés’ son.
All of the above.

17. Who was Malinche?
4. All of the above.
Hint: See p. 22.

18. North American Indians became focused almost wholly on hunting buffalo after 1493 because:
Many of the other animals they had hunted previously disappeared due to overhunting.
They acquired horses from Europeans.
They were pushed to lands where buffalo were more available.
They needed the buffalo skins for themselves and to trade.

19. North American Indians became focused almost wholly on hunting buffalo after 1493 because:
They acquired horses from Europeans.
Hint: Horses enabled the Plains Indians to hunt buffalo more efficiently and they gradually reduced their reliance on other animals, as well as reducing their gathering and agricultural patterns. See p

20. English leaders of the sixteenth century were inspired to plant American colonies because:
They were facing growing competition with Spain for dominance in trade.
They needed a place for religious dissenters to live.
They wanted to learn more about the trade items available to them in America.
They needed seaports to support their global trade networks.

21. English leaders of the sixteenth century were inspired to plant American colonies because:
They were facing growing competition with Spain for dominance in trade.
Hint: English colonies in America gave the English better access to trade goods and also kept the Spanish from dominating in America. See p. 28.