1. Manifest Destiny
By: Tasha J. Ferrell

2. Western Pioneers Settling New Land
I Can Statements:
Explain how the idea of Manifest Destiny and new agricultural equipment encouraged Western settlement.

3. Why go West? Religion Farming
Louis O’Sullivan declared that it was the “manifest destiny” of Americans “to overspread the continent allotted by Providence.”
Manifest Destiny: God had bestowed the entire continent to the Americans and wants to settle western lands.

4. Farming New Lands
Squatters: early pioneers who settled on lands they did not own.
Preemption Act of 1830: protects squatters by guaranteeing them the right to claim land before it was surveyed and the right to buy up to 160 acres at the governments minimum price of $1.25 per acre.

5. Plows and Reapers 1819: Jethro Wood patented an iron-bladed plow.
1837: John Deere engineered a plow with steel blades.
Cyrus McCormick 1834 mechanical reaper.

6. Settling the Pacific Coast
US, Britain, Native Americans all claimed parts of the Oregon Country.
Westward Migration
Trapping beavers and selling furs
Oregon Trail
Five to Six months to travel
Wagon at 15 miles per day

7. Native Americans Attacked rarely
Treaty of Fort Laramie 1851, US promised 8 Native American groups that specific territories of the Great Plains would belong to them as long as they allowed settlers to pass through peacefully. The group would also receive payments from the government.

8. The Mormon Migration Religious Freedom Leave the eastern states
1844: Mob murdered Mormon leader Joseph Smith. Two years later, leader Brighian Young, took followers West.
Mormon Trail

9. Lesson 2 The Hispanic Southwest
Mexican Independence and the Boarder Lands
1821 Mexico wins Independence from Spain
Turmoil and political chaos
Threatened by Native Americans and Western settlers

10. California Spanish Don’s: white wealthy ranchers 10% of population.
Mestizos (mixed European and Native American ancestry). Worked as cowboys, but many where skilled crafts people.
Native Americans were at the bottom.
Upper class women had rights
Men played powerful role
Hispanic women retained controlled over their own property after marriage and could seek legal redress in the courts.

11. New Mexico Little immediate change to New Mexico. Largely rural
Sheep ranching
Corn, peppers, potatoes
Navajo and Apache led riots on New Mexico
People of New Mexico launched a rebellion and killed unpopular territorial governor and 16 other government officials.

12. Americans Arrive in the Border lands
American influence grows.
Settle in California
Trade increase with Mexico
John Sutter builds “Sutter’s Fort,” 1st place many Americans reached in California.
More Americans=more tension
William Becknell arrived in Santa Fe and opened the Santa Fe Trail
Americans are invited to settle in Texas
Led to a revolt
California and New Mexico remained Mexican Territory for 25 years after Mexican Independence. Texas broke away after 15 years.

13. Homework
Chapter 7 Section 1 and 2 Questions 1-5

14. Lesson 3 Independence for Texas
Opening Texas to Americans
Colonization laws
Cheap land to anyone willing to move there
Immigrants get a 10 year exemption of taxes if they became Mexican citizens and converted to Roman Catholicism.
National Colonization Act: Mexico gave empresarios, “agent” or “contractors,” large grants of Texas land. In exchange the agents promised to fill the land with a certain number of settlers and govern the colonies they established.

15. Americanizing Texas
Americans accepted Mexican citizenship but not Mexican customs or Roman Catholicism.
Mexicans distrusted settlers
1830 Mexico closed its borders to immigration, by Americans and banned the importation of enslaved labor as well.
Imported goods taxed.

16. Texas Goes to War Early Battles: Mexican Armies had serious problems
Political instability in Mexico City
Texans took charge of the city
Texans drove the Mexican army out of San Antonio
March 2, 1836: Texas declared Independence from Mexico.

17. The Alamo Few Texas rebels had any military training. No leader
Sam Houston took command
The people of Texas held off the army for 13 days.
During the standoff the new Texas government declared Independence.

18. The Republic of Texas Sept. 1836:
Sam Houston was their first president and voted in favor of annexation or becoming part of the United States.
North did not want to annex Texas
President Andrew Jackson did not want to increase tensions between North and South or risk a war with Mexico.
Jackson made no move toward annexation.
He did sign a resolution officially recognizing the Independence of Texas.

19. Lesson 4 The War with Mexico
Southern states wanted Texas as a slave state
Northern states wanted Texas as a free state
Mexico did not recognize Texas Independence

20. Election of 1844 Henry Clay: Whig Party James Polk: Democrat
Big debate is over annexation of Texas and expanding into the Oregon Territory.
Polk wins the election

21. Fifty-four Forty or Fight
Declared the the United States should control all of Oregon below the line of 54* 40’ north latitude.
Oregon Treaty: US received all of Oregon south of 49* north latitude and west of the Rocky Mountains, except for the southern tip of Vancouver Island. In exchange, the British were guaranteed navigation rights on the Columbia River.

22. Annexation of Texas Mexico and US dispute the southern border of Texas
Polk also wanted to take California
The war with Mexico begins.

23. War with Mexico
Polk wanted to go to war but wanted Mexico to start the war so that he could win the popular vote with Congress.
Mexico starts the war. Congress declares War
3 part plan to take the land
50,000 volunteers were need 73,000 volunteered

24. Fighting Begins In a few weeks US owned California
General Winfield Scott claims a strategic port
Peace Treaty:
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Mexico ceded some 500,000 square miles of territory to the Untied States. California, Utah, Nevada, parts of New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, and Wyoming.
Rio Grande is the southern border of Texas.
US paid Mexico $15 million and agreed to take over $3.25 million in debts Mexico owed to American citizens.
US now stretched from ocean to ocean

25. Homework
Chapter 7 Assessment Questions 1-10