1. Chapter 16 The Civil War (1861-1865)
Section 4 The Strain of War

2. Section 4-Polling Question
Which do you feel is the most important quality in a good leader?
A. Enthusiasm
B. Confidence
C. Courage
D. Decisiveness A B C D

3. Essential Question
How did the events at Gettysburg and Vicksburg change the course of the war?

4. Battle of Fredericksburg
After Antietam, Lee retreated to Virginia
General Burnside, marched his troops toward the Confederate capital at Richmond
Lee intercepted the troops at Fredericksburg
Lee moved to a hill and then had trenches built so they could fire down on the enemy
The army would be protected
December 13, Lee’s entrenched forces easily drove back the Union troops
Burnside resigned and was replaced by General Joseph Hooker

5. After Fredericksburg
May Lee split his men in response to Hooker doing the same thing
Even though Hooker had twice as many men
Some Confederate troops stayed to defend Fredericksburg, and some confronted the main Union forces at Chancellorsville
A third group, under Stonewall Jackson, caught the Union by surprise
Stonewall Jackson marched around the side of Hooker’s position

6. Battle of Chancellorsville
Suddenly, Jackson’s army attacked the Union forces at the rear
At the same time, Lee struck from the front
The Union was sandwiched between the two Confederate forces
Hooker withdrew his men
One of the Confederate companies fired on Stonewall Jackson’s company by mistake
Jackson was wounded in the left arm
Jackson’s arm had to be amputated, and he died a week later

7. Weak Union Generals
The Union had 3 different Generals in less than a year
McClellan was reluctant to engage the enemy
Lincoln said “If McClellan doesn’t want to use the army, I’d like to borrow it for a while”
McClellan didn’t follow the retreating Confederate troops (Antietam) into Virginia
After McClellan was Burnside (Loss at Fredericksburg)
Then Lincoln appointed Joseph Hooker (Loss at Chancellorsville)
Hooker resigned within 2 months
Major General George Meade took command

8. African Americans in the War
At first, neither side allowed African Americans to fight
The North soon relaxed its rules
African Americans made up 30% of the South’s population
Confederate leaders feared African Americans would attack their fellow troops
Or begin a revolt

9. In the North
The North needed more soldiers, so Lincoln allowed African Americans to serve
Congress allowed the formation of all-African American regiments
Southern troops hated the African American troops and focused their fiercest gunfire on African American regiments
By the end of the war, they comprised about 10% of the Union army
These men fought hard and effectively

10. The 54th Massachusetts Best known African American regiment
1863- Took part in the siege of Fort Wagner in South Carolina
On the front lines
Had nearly 300 casualties in this regiment alone
Nevertheless, the soldiers bravely fought on
The Union could not capture the fort
The 54th became famous for the courage and sacrifice of its members

11. Going to the North Spring 1863- The South had the upper hand
Union loss at Chancellorsville ruined their plan for taking Richmond
Robert E. Lee decided to take the war to the North to impress Britain and France
The South recalled the Revolutionary War- Getting help from the French
France and Britain missed the goods the South provided (Mainly cotton)
If the South could win here, these nations might help

12. Battle of Gettysburg
Confederates entered Gettysburg, Pennsylvania looking for supplies
General Lee hoped to avoid fighting in an unfamiliar area
But the two sides encountered one another
After 4 days of fighting, the Confederates had 25,000 casualties and the Union had 23,000
The battle started at 5:30 A.M. on July 1

13. Battle of Gettysburg Continued
The Union troops were outnumbered and retreated to Cemetery Ridge
Reinforcements for both sides arrived
On the second day of fighting, Southern generals tried to remove Union forces from hills called Round Top and Little Round Top
Union Troops under General Meade held their positions
That night Meade made the decision not to retreat
The next day Lee order an attack designed to “create a panic and virtually destroy the [Union] army”

14. Results of Gettysburg
The Confederates started by firing nearly 140 cannons at Union lines
The under General George Pickett, 1000s of Confederates attacked the Union’s center position
They advanced across open land
At first, it seemed Pickett’s Charge might work- the Confederates broke the Union’s first line
In the end 75% of those that charged were dead or wounded
Gettysburg put an end to hopes that Britain and France would help

15. The Vicksburg Siege July 4th, 1863- Lee retreated from Gettysburg
Also on the same day the important river city of Vicksburg, Mississippi, fell to the Union under Grant
In May, Grant began the siege with 30,000
Blockading it to prevent food and supplies from entering
Then the Union gunships on the river supported Grants 77,000 troops by firing 1000s of mortar shells into the city

16. Battle of Vicksburg 47 days- Both sides had many casualties
9,000 Confederate/10,000 Union deaths
Fewer than 20 civilians were killed in the siege
A few days later, the South lost Port Hudson in Louisiana- The last stronghold on the Mississippi
The Anaconda Plan had worked
Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas were now cut off
July 1863 was a major turning point

17. Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address
November 19, Soldiers’ National Cemetery was dedicated at Gettysburg
Former Mass. Governor Edward Everett delivered a two-hour speech
Then it was Lincoln’s turn
Lincoln spoke for about 2 minute (272 words)
Lincoln was able to honor the soldiers and the cause, as well as state his vision for the country
“These dead shall not have died in vain”
Government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth”

18. Essential Question
How did the events at Gettysburg and Vicksburg change the course of the war?
-Defeat at Gettysburg ended the Confederates hopes for invading the North
-Victory at Vicksburg allowed the Union to divide the Southern states and control the Mississippi

19. Chapter 16 Section 4 Quiz

20. General Stonewall Jackson was killed at Chancellorsville by a fall from his horse.
True
False

21. Lincoln replaced McClellan with General Ambrose Burnside.
True
False

22. The Union army was comprised of mostly African American soldiers.
True
False

23. The Gettysburg Address was given at a ceremony to dedicate a cemetery.
True
False

24. The 54th Massachusetts was an all female regiment.
True
False

25. Which of the following did not lead the Union forces?
George McClellan
Ambrose Burnside
Joseph Hooker
Robert E. Lee

26. General Lee hoped that a win in the North might impress
France and Spain.
Spain and Britain.
Britain and France.
Spain and Germany.

27. General Grant led a 47-day siege against
Port Hudson, Louisiana
Vicksburg, Mississippi
Atlanta, Georgia
Mobile, Alabama

28. By the end of the war, African American volunteers made up nearly what percentage of the Union army?

29. President Lincoln’s address at what battlefield helped war-weary Americans focus on their shared ideals?
Vicksburg
Chancellorsville
Shiloh
Gettysburg

30. Participant Scores Participant 1 Participant 2 Participant 3
Participant 1
Participant 2
Participant 3
Participant 4
Participant 5

31. Team Scores
Team 1
Team 2
Team 3
Team 4
Team 5