1. Biological Beginnings
The Evolutionary Perspective
Genetic Foundations of Development
Heredity and Environment interaction:
The Nature-Nurture Debate
Prenatal Development
Birth

2. The Evolutionary Perspective
Natural selection and adaptive behavior
Darwin and his observations
All organisms must adapt in life
Evolutionary psychology
Emphasizes adaptation, reproduction,
and survival of the fittest in shaping behavior
Evolution explains human physical features
and behaviors

3. The Evolutionary Perspective
Natural selection and adaptive behavior
Darwin and his observations
All organisms must adapt in life
Evolutionary psychology
Emphasizes adaptation, reproduction,
and survival of the fittest in shaping behavior
Evolution explains human physical features and behaviors

4. Evolutionary Developmental Psychology
The Evolutionary Perspective
Evolutionary Developmental Psychology
Explaining humans and their behavior
Larger brains and more complex societies
Takes longest of all mammals to mature
Some evolved mechanisms of adaptation not compatible with modern society

5. Evolution and Life-Span Development
The Evolutionary Perspective
Evolution and Life-Span Development
Benefits of evolutionary selection decrease with age
Natural selection failures: harmful conditions and non-adaptivecharacteristics
As adults weaken biologically, culture-based needs increase
Alternative: ‘bi-directional view’

6. Baltes’ view of evolution and culture across the life span
The Evolutionary Perspective
Baltes’ view of evolution and culture across the life span

7. Evaluating Evolutionary Psychology
The Evolutionary Perspective
Evaluating Evolutionary Psychology
Remains just one theoretical approach.
Evolution does not dictate behavior.
Biology allows broad range of cultural possibilities.

8. Genetic Foundations of Development
DNA and the collaborative gene
DNA — deoxyribonucleic acid
Chromosomes — thread-like structures
Genes — units of hereditary information
Human Genome Project
30,000 genes in humans

9. Cells, Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA
Genetic Foundations
Cells, Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA
Nucleus (center of cell) contains chromosomes and genes
Gene: a segment of DNA (spiraled double chain) containing the hereditary code
Chromosomes are threadlike structures composed of DNA molecules

10. The Collaborative Gene
Genetic Foundations
The Collaborative Gene
Genes and chromosomes
Mitosis — cell nucleus duplicates
Meiosis — cell division forms gametes
Fertilization — egg and sperm form zygote
Genetic variability in the population
X and Y chromosomes determine sex

11. The Collaborative Gene
Genetic Foundations
The Collaborative Gene
Genes and chromosomes
Identical and fraternal twins
Mutated gene
Genotype — all of one’s genetic makeup
Phenotype — observable characteristics

12. Genetic Principles Dominant and recessive genes Sex-linked genes
Genetic Foundations
Genetic Principles
Dominant and recessive genes
Sex-linked genes
X-linked inheritance for males and females
Genetic imprinting
Imprinted gene dominates
Poly-genetically determined characteristics
Many genes interact to influence a trait

13. Father B b Mother B b B B B b B b b b Brown hair B
Genetic Foundations B
Brown hair
How brown-haired parents can have a blond-haired child: the gene for blond hair is recessive
Blond hair b
Father
B b
Mother
B b
B B
B b
B b
b b

14. Genetic Principles Chromosome abnormalities
Genetic Foundations
Genetic Principles
Chromosome abnormalities
Down syndrome
Sex-linked chromosome abnormalities
Klinefelter syndrome
Fragile X syndrome
Turner syndrome
XYY syndrome

15. Sex-Linked Chromosome Abnormalities
Genetic Foundations
Sex-Linked Chromosome Abnormalities
Klinefelter Syndrome
Fragile X syndrome
Turner syndrome
Males have an extra X chromosome
Abnormality in the X chromosome
Females missing an X chromosome
XYY syndrome
Males have an extra Y chromosome

16. Gene-Linked Abnormalities
Genetic Foundations
Gene-Linked Abnormalities
PKU: phenylketonuria
Sickle-cell anemia
Cystic fibrosis
Diabetes
Hemophilia
Genetic disorders can sometimes be compensated for by other genes or events

17. Nature-Nurture Debate
Heredity, Environment, and Individual Differences
Nature-Nurture Debate
Behavior Genetics
Studies influence of heredity and environment on individual differences
Studies use twins or adoptees
Monozygotic and dizygotic twins
Adoption study: examine behavior and psychological characteristics

18. Heredity-Environment Correlations
Heredity, Environment, and Individual Differences
Heredity-Environment Correlations
In infancy, environment mostly controlled by parents
As children age, their experiences extend more beyond the family’s influence
Shared environments are analyzed
Commonalities between children attributed to heredity-environment interaction

19. Heredity-Environment Correlations
Heredity, Environment, and Individual Differences
Heredity-Environment Correlations
Passive genotype-environment correlations
Evocative genotype-environment correlations
Active (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlations

20. Heredity-Environment Correlations
Heredity, Environment, and Individual Differences
Heredity-Environment Correlations
In infancy, environment mostly controlled by parents
As children age, their experiences extend more beyond the family’s influence
Shared environments are analyzed
Commonalities between children attributed to
heredity-environment interaction

21. The Heredity-Environment and Epigenetic Views
Heredity, Environment, and Individual Differences
The Heredity-Environment and Epigenetic Views

22. The Course of Prenatal Development
Germinal period: 2 weeks after conception
Embryonic period: 2 to 8 weeks after conception
Three layers: endodem, mesoderm, ectoderm
Umbilical cord connect to placenta
Organogenesis
Fetal period
From 2 months after conception to birth
Trimesters of pregnancy

23. The three trimesters of prenatal development
Second trimester
Third trimester
First trimester
0 - 4 weeks
Less than 1 inch long
12 weeks
32 weeks
8 weeks
Less than 1/10th of inch long
16½ -18 inches, wt: 4-5 lbs
3 inches long, wt: 1 ounce
16 weeks
5.5 inches long, wt: 4 ounces
20 weeks
10-12 inches, wt: ½ -1 lbs
24 weeks
11-14 inches, wt: 1-1½ lbs
36-38 weeks
28 weeks
19 inches, wt: 6 lbs
14-17 inches, wt: 2½ -3 lbs

24. Prenatal Diagnostic Tests
Prenatal Development
Prenatal Diagnostic Tests
Ultrasound sonography
Chorionic villi sampling: small sample of placenta taken
Amniocentesis: samples amniotic fluid
Maternal blood test

25. The Brain Neurons – 100 billion Birth defects and neural tube
Prenatal Development
The Brain
Neurons – 100 billion
Birth defects and neural tube
Neuronal migration occurs

26. Hazards to Prenatal Development
Teratogen: agent causing birth defects
Severity of damage affected by
Dose
Genetic susceptibility
Time of exposure
Effects of prescription and
nonprescription drugs

27. Teratogens and Timing of Their Effects on Prenatal Development

28. Hazards to Prenatal Development
Psychoactive drugs
Caffeine
Alcohol and fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
Nicotine’s link to SIDS, ADHD, low birth weight
Effect of father’s smoking
Cocaine, marijuana, and heroin
Methamphetamine
Environmental hazards and pollutants

29. Hazards to Prenatal Development
Incompatible blood types of parents
Rh-positive and Rh-negative
Maternal diseases like German measles, syphilis, HIV and AIDS
Other prenatal factors
Nutrition, prenatal education and care
Maternal age and risks
Maternal emotional states and stress
Paternal factors
Environmental factors

30. Prenatal Care Prenatal programs Education Medical care
Birth
Prenatal Care
Prenatal programs
Education
Medical care
Social and nutritional services
Low birth weight and infant mortality rates
View of pregancy vary among cultures
and ethnic groups

31. The Birth Process Stages of birth: occurs in three stages
Uterine contractions
Baby’s head moves through birth canal
Afterbirth when placenta, umbilical cord,
and other membranes are detached
and expelled
Baby must withstand stress of birth

32. Strategies for Childbirth
Deciding what setting, who attends, and what technique will be used
Home delivery, birthing center, or hospital?
99% of all U.S. births occur in hospitals
Home births more common outside U.S.
Doula as caregiver
Role of midwife, nurse, and physician

33. Birth
Methods of Delivery
Medication with analgesics (epidural block, oxytocics, etc.)
Possible effects of drugs on fetus
Natural childbirth
Prepared childbirth and the Lamaze method
Cesarean sections for breech babies,
other risks and benefits

34. Methods of Delivery Nonmedicated techniques
Birth
Methods of Delivery
Nonmedicated techniques
Waterbirth more in European countries
Massage reduces pain and anxiety
Acupuncture is standard in China
Hypnosis has some positive effects
Music therapy reduces stress, manages pain

35. Assessing the Newborn Apgar Scale: heart, reflexes, and color
Birth
Assessing the Newborn
Apgar Scale: heart, reflexes, and color
Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (BNBAS)
A sensitive index of neurological competence
Four categories in global terms
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS)
Analysis of behavior, neurological and stress responses, and regulatory capacities

36. Birth
The Apgar Scale

37. Low Birth Weight and Preterm
Low birth weight infants in U.S. and world
Weigh less than 5.5 lbs
Very low birth weight: less than 3 lbs
Preterm infants: 35 or fewer weeks after conception (about 12% of U.S. births)
Small-for-date infants: weigh less than they should
Ethnic variations characterize preterm birth
Causes and consequences

38. Low Birth Weight and Preterm
Low birth weight infants in U.S. and world
Weigh less than 5.5 lbs
Very low birth weight: less than 3 lbs
Preterm infants: 35 or fewer weeks after conception (about 12% of U.S. births)
Small-for-date infants: weigh less than they should
Ethnic variations characterize preterm birth
Causes and consequences

39. Kangaroo Care and Massage Therapy
Birth
Kangaroo Care and Massage Therapy
Kangaroo care
Holds infant to promote skin-to-skin contact between infant and caregiver
Can promote
Better breathing
Longer sleep periods
Weight gain
Less crying
Longer periods of alertness

40. Tiffany Field’s Research on Massage Therapy
Birth
Tiffany Field’s Research on Massage Therapy
Massage therapy led to 47% greater weight gain for preterm infants
Also demonstrated benefits of massage for
Labor pain
Asthma
ADHD
Arthritis
Autistic children

41. Birth
Weight Gain Comparison of Premature Infants Who Were Massaged and Not Massaged

42. Bonding Needs to occur shortly after birth
Early emotional attachments may create healthy interactions after leaving hospital
Rooming-in arrangements offered
Massages and tactile stimulation for premature infants affect development