1. Mars’ North and South Polar Hood Clouds Jennifer L. Benson Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology July 22, 2010 Copyright 2010 California Institute of Technology. Government sponsorship acknowledged.

2. Outline Introduction MCS instrument and data analysis Polar hood seasonal cycles SPH cloud maps and temperature structure NPH cloud maps and temperature structure SPH and NPH ice opacity profiles Summary

3. Mars in a nutshell Mars is similar to Earth in many ways –Has seasons L S is a measure of season on Mars –L S = 0° – 90° is N. Spring / S. Fall –L S = 90° – 180° is N. Summer / S. Winter –L S = 180° – 270° is N. Fall / S. Spring –L S = 270° – 360° is N. Winter / S. Summer –Polar caps –Clouds Polar hoods on Mars –Cloud zones that develop over the polar cap during late summer and persist through winter, sometimes into early spring Credit: NASA and the Hubble Heritage Team I’ve investigated, the spatial and temporal extent of the north and south polar hoods on Mars and their formation mechanisms.

4. Introduction The north and south polar hoods (NPH & SPH) on Mars have been studied for a long time but the datasets have been limited –Early spacecrafts (Mariner 9 and Viking orbiters) as well as Earth ground-based telescopes were limited in their observations of the polar hoods, especially the SPH –Thermal Emission Spectrometer and Mars Orbiter Camera on MGS provided better observations of the polar hoods, but both data sets were limited to observations equatorward of about 60° latitude and 2:00pm local time Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) data provide a more complete view –Time of day variations –Vertical structure

5. MCS Instrument The Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) onboard Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter began observing Mars in Sept. 2006 and has now been operating for ~2 Mars years. Each MCS channel has 21 detectors, covering an altitude range from the surface to ~80 km (50 miles)

6. Data Analysis Approach Use water ice opacity retrievals (at 12 µm) to examine north and south polar hood clouds –We integrated the water ice opacity profile to calculate a column opacity, which we converted to visible wavelength (600 nm) –Used bin sizes of 5° latitude, 5° longitude, and 15° L S –Created maps of water ice visible optical depth in the night and day Use maps to define the edge of the hood and the peak opacity within the hood. Examine the entire Mars year to determine the seasonal cycle of polar clouds.

7. Polar Hood Seasonal Cycles Phase 1 Phase 2 The SPH forms as a belt (or annular ring), that does not extend all the way to the pole, whereas the NPH always extends to the pole. Seasonal SPC boundary Seasonal NPC boundary

8. Polar Hood Seasonal Cycles Phase 1 Phase 2 Seasonal SPC boundary Seasonal NPC boundary

9. SPH Cloud Maps – Phase 1 The occurrence of SPH water ice clouds fall into two distinct phases. The first is from L S =10°-70° (Phase 1) East Longitude Night Day

10. Polar Hood Seasonal Cycles Phase 1 Phase 2 Seasonal SPC boundary Seasonal NPC boundary

11. SPH Cloud Maps – Phase 2 SPH clouds reform after 30° of L S during Phase 2 (L S =100°-200°) East Longitude Night Day

12. SPH Longitudinal Temperature Structure Meridional mean temperature cross-sections with water ice contours superimposed Nighttime Daytime

13. SPH Cloud Maps – Phase 2 The daytime cloud belt lies about 15° further south than the nighttime cloud belt. East Longitude Night Day

14. SPH Ice Opacity and Temperature Correlation Night and Day zonal mean H 2 O ice opacity Day minus night temperature difference Nighttime Daytime Thermal tidal structure

15. Thermal Tide From Lee et al. 2009 Day minus night temperature difference from MCS data Schematic

16. Thermal Tide SPH Day minus night temperature difference Schematic

17. SPH Seasonal Temperature Structure L S = 77° – 45° temperature difference (Cloud free gap minus Phase 1) L S = 138° – 92° temperature difference (Phase 2 minus cloud free gap) Night Day

18. Polar Hood Seasonal Cycles Phase 1 Phase 2 Seasonal SPC boundary Seasonal NPC boundary

19. NPH Cloud Maps NPH clouds start to form at L S =150° and by L S =165° clouds have increased in optical depth both at night and day.

20. NPH Ice Opacity and Temperature Correlation Nighttime Daytime Day minus night temperature difference Night and Day zonal mean temperature cross-sections with water ice contours superimposed Thermal tidal structure

21. NPH Cloud Maps

22. NPH Ice Opacity and Temperature Correlation Nighttime Daytime Day minus night temperature difference Night and Day zonal mean temperature cross-sections with water ice contours superimposed

23. NPH Ice Opacity and Temperature Correlation Day minus night temperature difference Similar ice opacity day and night because clouds are located where there is no day-night temperature difference

24. SPH Ice Opacity Profiles SPH clouds have 2 layers at both day and night. Daytime clouds extend ~10 km higher in the atmosphere than nighttime clouds NightDay MCS ice aerosol vertical opacity profiles (at 12 µm) Ls = 23 - 30

25. NPH Ice Opacity Profiles NPH clouds have 1 layer at both day and night. Cloud altitude structure is nearly identical across the NPH and throughout the season. MCS ice aerosol vertical opacity profiles (blue, at 12 µm). Dashed lines represent lines of constant ice mixing ratio NightDay Ls = 165 - 172

26. SPH and NPH Profile Comparison SPHNPH Temperature (black). Ice opacity (blue, 12 µm)

27. Similarities Winter season in North and South polar regions both have water-ice clouds over the polar caps – The polar hood clouds are primarily controlled by the temperature structure and form at the water condensation level – Both show day/night differences – Daily variability is controlled by the diurnal thermal tide – Temperature and water vapor distribution control the seasonal evolution of the clouds

28. Differences TopicNorth Polar HoodSouth Polar Hood Length of Mars year Clouds exist ¾½ Latitudinal breadth of cloud cover Cloud cap that always extends to the pole Annular ring (or belt) – does not extend to pole Optical depth values Often very different – nighttime values higher than daytime Always fairly similar night and day Number of cloud layers 12

29. Thank You Advisor: David Kass MCS Team Rowena Kloepfer Alma Cardenas Caltech Postdoctoral Program