1. LOCAL EXHAUST VENTILATION …study of the principles associated with proper application of local exhaust ventilation (LEV) for control of airborne contaminants

2. Components of LEV System hood ductwork air mover (fan) air cleaner [makeup air system]

3. Types of Local Exhaust Hoods Enclosing –Chemical fume hoods, glove boxes, biological safety cabinets Exterior –Open surface tanks Others

4. Examples (Source: Princeton University EH&S Department)

5. Examples

6. Air Flow into Hood Velocity contours have been determined Best described by equation: Q = V(10X 2 + A) Effect of flanging Formulae for various hood types

7. LEV Hood Design purpose: keep contaminant out of B.Z. considerations: minimize interference minimize pressure drop minimize exhaust volume terminology: face slot duct

8. Ductwork carries contaminant from hood to discharge straight duct elbows entries contraction/expansions clean-out doors

9. Duct Considerations resultant air velocity in duct maintain minimum transport velocity minimize friction losses shape is a factor (round is preferred) diameter (determined by Q; friction loss) length (layout of process) material of construction

10. Air Cleaning Equipment Purposes: remove contaminant before discharge; recover valuable materials Selection depends on –Material to be removed –Degree of removal required –Concentration of material –Conditions of air stream –Economics

11. Types of Air Cleaners absorbers/adsorbers filters cyclones electrostatic units combustion units wet scrubbers combination units

12. Absorbers Contaminant-in-air contacts liquid Liquid dissolves or reacts with contaminant and retains it Use packed towers/packed beds Typical uses: acid gases, chlorine, etc.

13. Adsorbers Contaminant-in-air passes through bed of solid Contaminant adheres to surface Examples: activated carbon; silica gel Typical uses: organic vapors

14. Filters Contaminated air passes through fabric, which collects particles Incorporated into “bag houses” Various materials used as filters Can be made very efficient Surface must be replenished/replaced

15. Cyclones Centrifugal force used to separate particles Good for large particles only

16. Electrostatic Precipitators Voltage applied Charged particles are drawn to plate Collector plates need to be cleaned Good for very small particles

17. Combustion Processes For combustible contaminants Contaminant converted to harmless form Thermal oxidation –Contaminant-in-air passes over flame Direct combustion –Contaminant-in-air used as fuel Catalytic oxidation –Contaminant-in-air passes over catalyst

18. Wet Scrubbers Particles contact water and are “washed” from the airstream Minimizes secondary dust problem in disposal Good for dusts

19. Air Movers (Fans) fan is the “moving force” for the system location many types available depending on the nature of contaminant, volume of air being moved and pressure drop through system

20. Axial Flow Fans Air enters & leaves fan moving in same direction Types –Propeller –Tube-axial –Vane-axial

21. Centrifugal Flow Fans Air exits 90 degrees to angle of entry; is “thrown” by force Radial (paddle wheel) Forward curved Backward curved

22. Fan Selection Considerations Total quantity of air being moved Pressure requirements Presence of particulates? Explosive/flammable materials? Noise generated by air mover Others unique to the application

23. Principles of LEV Enclose source as much as practicable. Capture/control contaminant with adequate velocity. Keep contaminant out of breathing zone. Discharge air away from fresh air inlets. Provide adequate make-up air.