1. SEPTEMBER, 1939 – MAY, 1945

2. BASIC FACTS THE LONGEST CONTINUOUS MILITARY CAMPAIGN OF WWII (September 1939-May, 1945) WHERE? N.ATLANTIC S. ATLANTIC CARIBBEAN SEA GULF OF MEXICO WHO? AXIS: GERMAN KRIEGSMARINE (GERMAN NAVY ) ALLIES: ROYAL NAVY (U.K.) ROYAL NAVY (CANADA) U.S. NAVY WHAT? 100+ CONVOY BATTLES 1000 SINGLE-SHIP BATTLES

3. MAJOR PHASES -BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC

4. MAJOR ADVANCES & WEAPONS GERMANS: U-BOATS (UNTERZEEBOOT): GERMAN SUBMARINES SURFACE RAIDERS: SURFACE SHIPS USED TO ATTACK CONVOYS POCKET BATTLESHIPS: SMALLER-SIZED BATTLESHIPS USED TO ATTACK CONVOYS ENIGMA MACHINES: MESSAGE ENCODING MACHINE SCHNORKEL: SUBMARINE-MOUNTED AIR /VENTILATION DEVICE ALLIES: DESTROYERS: SMALL, FAST, AGILE WARSHIPS USED FOR CONVOY ESCORTING AND SUBMARINE HUNTING A.S.D.I.C.: ALLIED SONAR DEPTH CHARGE: PRESSURE / DEPTH DETONATED UNDERWATER EXPLOSIVE ESCORT CARRIERS: SMALL-SIZED ARICRAFT CARRIERS USED FOR SUBMARINE HUNTING M.A.C. SHIPS: MERCHANT AIRCRAFT CARRIERS HF/DF (ALSO CALLED “HUFF-DUFF”): HIGH FREQUENCY DIRECTION FINDER (RADAR) HEDGEHOG: SHIP-MOUNTED UNDERWATER EXPLOSIVE MORTAR LEIGH-LIGHT: RADAR-GUIDED AERIAL SEARCH LIGHT B-24 LIBERATOR: LONG-RANGE U.S. BOMBER USED FOR SUBMARINE HUNTING

5. KEY INDIVIDUALS & STRATEGY GERMANS: GRAND ADMIRAL ERICH RADER: COMMANDER, KRIEGSMARINE VICE-ADMIRAL KARL DONITZ: COMMANDER OF U-BOATS ALLIES: U.K.: ADMIRAL SIR PERCY NOBLE ADMIRAL SIR MAX HORTON U.S: ADMIRAL ERNEST KING, COMMANDER, U.S. FLEET STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES: GERMANS: DISRUPT/CUT OFF SUPPLIES & SHIPPING THAT ALLOWED BRITAIN TO FIGHT FORCE BRITS. TO SIGN PEACE TREATY PREVENT SECOND FRONT ALLIES: KEEP ATLANTIC SHIPPING LANES OPEN KEEP BRITS. SUPPLIED U.S. WANTS TO KEEP BRITS. “ALIVE” UNTIL U.S. ENTERS WAR ELIMINATE GERMAN NAVAL THREAT BEFORE EVENTUAL INVASION OF EUROPE

6. THE NORTH ATLANTIC & MAJOR PORTS

7. STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES STRENGTHS: AXIS: EXPERIENCED NAVAL CREWS GOOD NAVAL SHIP DESIGNS INITIATIVE / MOMENTUM AFTER GERMAN SUCCESS OF 1939 ALLIES: NUMBER OF SHIPS IMPROVING ANTI-SUBMARINE TECHNOLOGY (ex. A.S.D.I.C. sonar) AERIAL SUPREMACY AIRCRAFT CARRIERS WEAKNESSES: AXIS: LACK OF AERIAL COVER LACK OF SURFACE SHIPS ALLIES: DISTANCE OF VOYAGE SIZE OF CONVOYS VULNERABILITY OF MERCHANT SHIPS “AIR GAP” IN ATLANTIC

8. GRAND ADMIRAL ERICH RAEDER, COMMANDING OFFICER, KRIEGSMARINE

9. GRAND ADMIRAL ERICH RAEDER ON TIME COVER, 1940

10. VICE-ADMIRAL KARL DONITZ, KRIEGSMARINE COMMANDER OF U-BOATS

11. ADMIRAL ERNEST J. KING, U.S.N. COMMANDER IN CHIEF, U.S. FLEET

12. WINSTON CHURCHILL, BRITISH P.M. ADMIRAL SIR PERCY NOBLE, R.N.

14. ADMIRAL SIR PERCY NOBLE, ROYAL NAVY (U.K.) Commander, Western Approaches, 1941-43

15. ADMIRAL SIR MAX HORTON, ROYAL NAVY (U.K.), Commander, Western Approaches, 1943-45

16. ADMIRAL LEONARD MURRAY, ROYAL CANADIAN NAVY, COMMANDER, CANADIAN NORTHWEST ATLANTIC FLEET

17. REAR ADMIRAL ROYAL INGERSOLL, U.S. NAVY, COMMANDING OFFICER, ATLANTIC FLEET, 1941-44

18. FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, 1933-45

20. FDR & CHURCHILL DURING WWII

23. WWII WAR BOND POSTERS

25. COURSE OF BATTLE INITIAL BASIC TACTICS (Sept.,’39 – May,’40) GERMANS: ATTACK MERCHANT SHIPS HOW? U-BOATS, SURFACE RAIDERS, PLANES, etc. WHY? U-BOAT FLEET IS SMALL AT FIRST ALSO MINE BRITISH PORT CITIES BRITISH: “CONVOY” SYSTEM CREATED ***“ESCORT” SHIPS USED TO PROTECT CONVOYS ***DEFINE “ESCORT”: SMALLER, FASTER NAVAL SHIPS USED TO HUNT / ATTACK SUBMARINES (EX.: “DESTROYERS”) PROBLEM: CHURCHILL WANTS MORE AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY RESULT? ANTI-SUBMARINE HUNTING GROUPS FORMED AIRCRAFT CARRIER GROUPS USED TO HUNT U-BOATS PROBLEM (again): U-BOATS TOO ELUSIVE FOR A.C. GROUPS ALLIED SONAR NOT ADVANCED ENOUGH YET

26. ALLIED ATLANTIC CONVOY

27. WWII ROYAL NAVY DESTROYER

28. ROYAL NAVY DESTROYERS

29. WATCH DUTY, NORTH ATLANTIC CONVOY

32. U.S. EC2 TRANSPORT SHIP, a.k.a. “LIBERTY SHIP” DESIGN

33. U.S. NAVY SB2U “VINDICATOR” DIVE BOMBER

36. GERMAN SUCCESS “THE HAPPY TIME”: JUNE, 1940-FEB., 1941 OCCUPATION OF FRANCE = DIRECT ACCESS TO ATLANTIC PORTS FOR KRIEGSMARINE EFFECT? U-BOAT RANGE INTO ATLANTIC INCREASES BRITS LOSE BIGGEST ALLY (AT THAT TIME) BRITS. HAVE TO DIVERT MORE FORCES TO MEDITERRANEAN SEA RESULT? FEWER SHIPS AVAILABLE FOR CONVOY ESCORT U-BOATS ATTACKS VERY SUCCESSFUL EXAMPLE: JUNE – OCT., 1940 = 270 ALLIED SHIPS SUNK WHY? GERMAN “WOLFPACK SYSTEM”

38. INTERIOR DESIGN-WWII SUBMARINE

40. CROSS-SECTION OF BASIC SUBMARINE

41. SUBMARINE DESIGN / CROSS- SECTION IN HIGHER DETAIL

42. BASIC SUBMERGING AND SURFACING PROCESS ON A SUBMARINE

43. THE WOLFPACK SYSTEM DEFINITION: MULTIPLE U-BOAT ATTACKS ON CONVOYS ORIGIN: GERMANS HAD DECYPHERED BRIT. NAVAL CODES MOVEMENT / LOCATION OF CONVOYS COULD BE MORE EASILY PREDICTED TACTIC: U-BOATS SPREAD OUT IN LINE ACROSS EXPECTED PATH OF CONVOY U-BOAT FIRST TO SIGHT CONVOY SIGNALS TO OTHER U- BOATS U-BOATS MOVE TO GATHER FOR ATTACK ATTACKS OFTEN MADE AT NIGHT RESULT? VERY SUCCESSFUL – BECOMES PRIMARY GERMAN ATTACK METHOD EX.: 9/21/40 – CONVOY HX 72 (42 MERCHANT SHIPS) ATTACKED 4 U-BOATS LOSSES = 11 SHIPS, 2 BADLY DAMAGED

44. U-BOAT STARTING ATLANTIC PATROL

45. U-BOAT OFFICERS ON OBSERVATION DECK

47. WORLD WAR II GERMAN U-BOAT “SCHNORKEL”

49. U-BOAT DURING ATTACK ON CONVOY

53. BASIC WORLD WAR II TORPEDO DESIGN

54. WWII TORPEDO, U.S. NAVAL BASE, PEARL HARBOR, HAWAII, U.S.A.

56. TORPEDO STRIKE ON TARGET VESSEL

59. U-BOAT CREWMEN AFTER RETURN FROM LONG-RANGE PATROL

60. U-BOAT CREWMEN CELEBRATE SUCCESSFUL HUNT

61. GERMAN U-BOAT ACE, OTTO KRETSCHMER 47 SHIPS SUNK 274,333 TONS OF SHIPPING

62. U-BOAT “PENS”, La ROCHELLE, FRANCE

64. U-BOAT “REFITTING”, La ROCHELLE, FRANCE

65. SURFACE RAIDERS DEFINE: SURFACE SHIPS (naval and disguised merchant ships) USED TO ATTACK CONVOYS USED MOSTLY FROM LATE 1940 – EARLY 1942 NOMRALLY OPERATED IN GROUPS OF 2-3 TYPES OF SURFACE RAIDERS: “POCKET BATTLESHIPS” (smaller, less heavily armed naval versions of full-scale battleships) FULL SIZED BATTLESHIPS (ex. BATTLESHIP BISMARCK) ARMED MERCHANT SHIPS GERMAN BATTLESHIPS WERE BOTH FAST & HAD EXCELLENT NAVAL ARTILLERY (“GUNNERY”) EX.: BATTLE OF THE DENMARK STRAIT, May 1941 BISMARCK SINKS H.M.S. HOOD 1415 KIA ON H.M.S HOOD, 3 SURVIVORS SURFACE RAIDER THREAT EFFECTIVELY ENDS W/ SINKING OF BISMARCK, May 1941 2200 KIA ON BISMARCK, 100 P.O.W.

66. GERMAN POCKET BATTLESHIP GRAF SPEE

67. GERMAN SURFACE RAIDER

68. GERMAN BATTLESHIP BISMARCK

69. BATTLESHIP BISMARCK

71. BISMARCK FIRING SALVO AT H.M.S. HOOD, BATTLE OF THE DENMARK STRAIT MAY 24, 1941

72. STANDARD WWII NAVAL RANGE FINDER

73. ROYAL NAVY SAILORS USING RANGE FINDER, WORLD WAR II

74. ROYAL NAVY BATTLESHIP H.M.S. HOOD

75. H.M.S. HOOD, ROYAL NAVY (U.K.)

79. HMS HOOD(R) EXPLODES AFTER BEING HIT BY BISMARK’S SHELLS

83. ROYAL NAVY “SWORDFISH” TORPEDO PLANE

84. ROYAL NAVY “SWORDFISH” TOPRPEDO PLANES, FLEET AIR ARM

87. ROYAL NAVY (U.K.)“SWORDFISH” TORPEDO PLANE

90. BATTLESHIP BISMARCK SINKING BY HER STERN, MAY 27, 1941

91. WRECKAGE OF BISMARCK ON FLOOR OF NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN

92. ALLIED ADVANCES SONAR: “A.S.D.I.C.” ALLIED SUBMARINE DETECTION INVESTIGATION COMMITTEE USED BY DESTROYERS TO FIX U-BOAT LOCATION BEFORE ATTACK BEGAN M.A.C.s: MERCHANT AIRCRAFT CARRIERS MERCHANT SHIPS CONVERTED INTO CATAPULT- LAUNCHING AIRCRAFT CARRIERS “HEDGEHOG”: SHIP-MOUNTED, MULTIPLE WARHEAD, ANTI-SUB MORTAR LAUNCHER “LEIGH-LIGHT”: AIRCRAFT-MOUNTED, RADAR OPERATED SEARCHLIGHT HF/DF (“HUFF-DUFF”) – HIGH FREQUENCY, DIRECTION FINDER; RADAR SYSYEM USED TO LOCATE U-BOATS

94. DEPTH CHARGE HEDGEHOG

98. DEPTH CHARGE ATTACK

99. ALLIED AERIAL ATTACK ON U-BOAT

106. LEIGH-LIGHT ATTACK ON U-BOAT

107. OPERATION DRUMBEAT JAN. – JUNE, 1942 WHAT? EXTENSION OF U-BOAT ATTACKS TO N. AMERICAN COAST & MED. SEA CAUSES? ALLIED SUCCESSES IN MID/LATE 1941 U.S. ENTERS WAR AFTER PEARL HARBOR ATTACK GERMANS HAVE TO CHANGE TACTICS RESULTS: GERMANS ATTACK U.S. COAST SUCCESS – MERCHANT SHIPS HEAVILY TARGETED 157,000 TONS OF SHIPPING SUNK U.S. FORCED TO USE CONVOYS W/ BRITS. & CANADA

108. ALLIES GAIN THE UPPER HAND WHY? IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY ALLOWS MORE ACCURATE ANTI-SUB. ATTACKS GROWING INVOLVEMENT OF… U.S. NAVY CANADIAN ROYAL NAVY U.S. ENTRY INTO WAR (& MILITARY POWER & SUPPLIES ) U-BOAT LOSSES INCREASE (ESPECIALLY AFTER MID-1942) “BLACK MAY”, MARCH – MAY, 1943 SERIES OF VISCIOUS BATTLES IN N. ATLANTIC MARCH – MAY = 70 U-BOATS SUNK DONITZ HALTS U-BOAT OPS. IN N. ATLANTIC BATTLE OF ATLANTIC IS NOW IN ALLIES FAVOR

109. WHY THE ALLIES WON ALLIED TECHNOLOGY BEGAN TO… IMPROVE AND… BEGAN TO SIMULTANEOUSLY EFFECT U-BOATS INCREASED ALLIED RESOURCES (Ships, Aircraft, Aircraft Carriers, Anti-Sub. Weapons, etc.) MORE AERIAL SUCCESS (Long-Range Planes, Escort Carriers, Leigh-Light, etc.) THE “AIR GAP” IS CLOSED DECODING OF GERMAN ENIGMA MACHINE MESSAGES EFFECT? INCREASE IN U-BOAT LOSSES THE GERMANS CAN’T REPLACE RESULTS? GERMANS FAIL TO STRANGLE SUPPLIES TO BRITAIN BRITAIN BECOMES FOCUS OF BUILD-UP FOR INVASION OF EUROPE 2-FRONT WAR WILL HAPPEN (AFTER GERMANS INVADE RUSSIA)

111. WORLD WAR II “ESCORT” CARRIER

113. U.S. NAVY ESCORT CARRIER (CVE) [note flight deck loaded w/aircraft]

114. AUGUST, 1942 – MAY, 1943

116. Grumman F-4-F Fighters on deck of U.S.S. Santee

117. GRUMMAN F-4-F “WILDCAT” FIGHTER,U.S.NAVY

119. GRUMMAN TBF “AVENGER” TORPEDDO PLANE, U.S.NAVY

120. TBF “AVENGERS” IN FORMATION AVENGERS IN CARRIER LAUNCH

123. U.S. NAVY PBY “CATALINA” SEAPLANE

124. ROYAL NAVY PBY “CATALINA”

128. GERMAN ENIGMA MACHINE

130. CASUALTIES & FINAL TOLL ALLIES: 30,248 KIA / LOST AT SEA** 3500 MERCHANT SHIPS SUNK 175 NAVAL SHIPS SUNK 14.5 MILLION TONS OF SUPPLIES LOST **SOME SOURCES CLAIM MUCH HIGHER TOTAL (50,000+) GERMANS: 25,870 KIA OUT OF TOTAL FORCE OF 40,900 5000 POW 696 U-BOATS SUNK / DESTROYED OUT OF TOTAL U-BOAT FORCE OF 830 CASUALTY RATE: HIGHEST CASUALTY RATE FOR ANY BRANCH OF ANY MILITARY FORCE OF ANY NATION IN WWII 63% FATAL 75% OVERALL

133. “THE ONLY THING THAT REALLY FRIGHTENED ME DURING THE WAR WAS THE U-BOAT PERIL…IT DID NOT TAKE THE FORM OF FLARING BATTLES AND GLITTERING ACHIEVEMENTS – IT MANIFESTED ITSELF THROUGH STATISTICS, DIAGRAMS, AND CURVES UNKNOWN TO THE NATION, AND INCOMPREHENSIBLE TO THE PUBLIC.” WINSTON CHURCHILL

134. DISCUSSION QUESTION WHAT WOULD HAVE BEEN THE EFFECT IF THE GERMANS, NOT THE ALLIES, HAD WON THE BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC?