1. Polar Ecology

2. Bhopal, India Minamata, Japan Chernobyl, USSR Toxic Events

3. “Sea ice is a key component in structuring polar environments. Beside its important role as a platform for marine mammals and birds, it serves as a habitat for a unique highly specialized community of bacteria, algae, protozoa and metazoa, which contribute to the biogeochemical cycles of the Arctic and Antarctic seas.’’

4. Arctic Ocean bloom

5. Southern Ocean bloom

6. 2050

7. Tuvalu will disappear

8. Will sea level rise from Arctic melts?

9. Not uniform ocean heat storage Light blue constant Yellow to white most rapid rise Slow down in the sub-polar gyre Thermohaline circulation weakening? Major Extinctions Warming water and melting land ice : mean sea level up 4.5 cm from1993 to 2008

10. Antarctic vs Arctic Ocean 50 to 70 degrees S 35-38 million sq km Narrow shelf, few islands Shelf 400-600 m Open to 3 oceans Circumpolar current Vertical mixing high Nutrient high continuously High primary productivity Little to no freshwater input Salinity 34 ppt High seasonal ice pack Low benthos disturbance 70 to 80 degrees N 14.6 million sq km Broad shelf, archipelagos Shelf 100-500 m At Fram & Bering Straits Transpolar Little vertical mixing Seasonally depleted Moderate primary productivity Extensive fluvial input Salinity 31 ppt Ice pack seasonally low Extensive bottom disturbance

14. FIG. 1. Polyacrylamide gel of fluorescently labeled AFGPs from Antarctic notothenioid Dissostichus mawsoni (Dm) and Arctic cod Boreogadus saida (Bs) and the amino acid compositions of the three size groups of Arctic cod AFGPs. The two polar fishes show comparable size heterogeneity, especially AFGP 6-8 Convergent evolution of antifreeze glycoproteins in Antarctic notothenioid fish and Arctic cod (repetitive sequenceygene duplicationysequence convergenceytrypsinogen) LIANGBIAO CHEN, ARTHUR L. DEVRIES, AND CHI-HING C. CHENG*

15. Antitropical Distribution: Carl Hubbs (1952)

16. Number of fish species between Antarctic and Arctic Chondrichthyes Salmoniformes Myctophiformes Gadiformes Cottidae Liparidae Zoarcoidei Nototheniodei Pleuronectiformess 11 vs 26 0 vs 32 35 vs 7 21 vs 44 0 vs 44 31 vs 17 22 vs 67 95 vs 0 4 vs 28

17. Marine Mammals Mammals that use the sea in their natural history Has evolved 5-8 times Extant groups –Ceataceans –Sirineans –Pinnipeds –Sea Otter : Mustelidae, Enhydra lutris –Polar Bear : Ursidae, Ursus maritimus

18. Break 4 types of people

23. Living at sea Can’t respire in water Heat loss greater Locomotion in denser medium Hearing: asymmetrical skull Low visibility Time spent in water varies with species Lack of freshwater

24. Adaptations Polar bears: not adapted for diving Sea otters: not accomplished divers Pinnipeds: great diving capabilities Sirenians: totally aquatics, decent diver Cetaceans: Most derived

25. Sirenians

27. Character transformation

28. Types of Characters Behavioral Physiological Morphological Molecular

29. Suborder Pinnipedia Otariidae (eared seals, 16 spp) –Shallow divers Odobenidae (walrus, 1 spp) Phocidae (true seals, 19 spp)

31. Order Cetacea 60 to ~200,000 kg Baleen whales (mysticetes, 13 spp) –Balaenopteridae: 8 spp of rorqual whales –Balaenidae: 3 spp of right whale & bowhead –Neobalaenidae: 1 spp pygmy right whale –Eschrichtiidae: 1 spp gray whale Toothed whales (odontocetes, 70 spp)

34. Toothed whales (odontocetes) 10 families, 70 spp Physeteridae: sperm whale Monodontidae: beluga & narwhal Delphinidae: 35 spp dolphins, killer whale Phocoenidae: 6 spp porpoises

37. Dolphin vs Porpoise