1.  Whale entanglement has become an issue not only to the animals but to the environment and fishing industry.  Issues concerning the health and welfare of the animal  Difficulties associated with human intervention  Methods and routes used to achieve euthanasia

23.  AVMA definition of euthanasia- the use of humane techniques to induce the most rapid and painless and distress free death possible.  Criteria for euthanasia: - The cetacean is stranded - Unable to swim - Judged to have a very low likelihood of medium to long term survival. - Demeanor - Weak respirations - Failure to refloat after 2 high tides

24.  Excitement phase from some injectable drugs  Time for death to occur  Inexperienced personnel  Cost  Disposal of body  Public view and relations  Procedure being done improperly

25.  IC- intracardiac  IV- intravenous  IM- intramuscular  IP- within the abdomen  IN- intranasal  Sublingual- under the tongue  Intrahepatic- within the liver

26.  Implosion  Ballistics  Explosive grenade  Powergel Magnum Explosive  Dart gun  Exsanguination  Spinal lance  Pithing

28.  Specialized needle for delivering euthanasia solutions.  Length = 1 meter ( 39 inches)  Outer diameter = 21 mm (13/16 inch)  Inner diameter = 12 mm ( less than ½ inch)  Tubing hooked up to a pressure sprayer  Needle is custom made for the procedure and is costly

29.  $1000.00 for customized needle  $500.00 for combination of three sedatives ◦ Generally a “cocktail”  $500.00 for KCL- Potassium Chloride  Cost can increase or decrease with the size of the animal or the number that have been stranded.

30.  Sedatives: delivered prior to euthanasia Valium®/diazepam Versed®/ midazolam Atravet/ ® acepromazine Rompum®/ xylazine Telazol®/ tiletamine Ketalar ® /Ketamine®

31.  Sodium Pentobarbital ◦ Major issues involved with the use of this drug ◦ Difficult to dispose of the carcass after medication has been delivered. ◦ Concentration of the medication ◦ Controlled substance- CII

32.  KCL- Potassium Chloride ◦ Action of this drug ◦ Dosage ◦ Environmental impact ◦ Route of administration ◦ It is strongly recommended the animal be sedated prior to administration of the drug.

34. Powergel Magnum Explosive

40.  Euthanasia of beached humpback whales using explosives ◦ Douglas K. Coughran, Ian Stiles and Peter R. Mawson  Recommendations for Euthanasia of Stranded Cetaceans ◦ NOAA, Virginia Aquarium  Large Whale Euthanasia: Options, Approaches and Welfare Considerations Dr. Cheryl Rosa, DVM, PhD  IWC- International Whaling Committee ◦ Collaborative Development of Recommendations for ◦ Euthanasia for Stranded Cetaceans