1. David Hitlin Quinn Symposium April 16, 2010 1 Experiments on CP Violation in B Meson decay David Hitlin Matter and Antimatter: Fact and Fancy April 16, 2010

2. David Hitlin Quinn Symposium April 16, 2010 2 The CP problem(s)  She has been a member of the B A B AR Collaboration since (before) its inception  Her insight has been brought to bear on a variety of important problems concerning CP violation measurements, which I will refer to as we proceed  She also was co-editor of the B A B AR Physics Book  CP violation in the strong interactions is weak, while CP violation in the weak interactions is strong  Helen Quinn has played a role in both these problems, and co-author of a mystery thriller

3. David Hitlin Quinn Symposium April 16, 2010 3 The CKM Matrix  In 1973 Kobayashi and Maskawa realized that extending Cabibbo’s two generation mixing matrix that relates the quark mass eigenstates to the weak eigenstates to a third generation introduced a phase that could account for CP -violating effects first seen in decay in 1964  “Hadronic engineering” issues did not allow a quantitative comparison of the phase in theory and experiment  Bigi and Sanda proposed that CP –violating asymmetries in B 0 decays to CP eigenstates could be directly related to theoretical quantities  In 2001 B A B AR and Belle measured the CP asymmetry in decays, showing that the CKM phase could account for the observation and leading to the award of the 2008 Nobel Prize to Kobayashi and Maskawa

4. David Hitlin Quinn Symposium April 16, 2010 4 The elevator speech  The Wolfenstein parametrization  The Unitarity condition (1 of 6)  The “ b ” Unitarity Triangle  The UT phases  CP -violating asymmetries in B d, B s decays can measure all the phases  Combinations of tree level decay BRs can measure   Since any combination of three sides or angles determines a triangle, we can perform a unique set of overconstrained tests of the consistency of the CKM matrix (if the elevator is in the physics department)

5. David Hitlin Quinn Symposium April 16, 2010 5 At the start of the “ B Factory era” - 1989 Dib, Dunietz, Gilman and Nir - 1989 The mass of the top quark, required to sharpen UT tests, was unknown

6. David Hitlin Quinn Symposium April 16, 2010 6

7. 7 At the start of the “ B Factory era” - 1989 Dib, Dunietz, Gilman and Nir - 1989

8. David Hitlin Quinn Symposium April 16, 2010 8 Many measurements provide unitarity triangle constraints Theoretical errors are often pertinent

9. David Hitlin Quinn Symposium April 16, 2010 9 To measure the CP asymmetry in decays to CP eigenstates requires a time-dependent analysis

10. David Hitlin Quinn Symposium April 16, 2010 10 Reconstruct exclusive B decays to CP eigenstates and flavor eigenstates and tag the flavor of the other B decay Measure   z between B CP and B tag to determine the signed time difference   t between the decays Determine the resolution function for   z Here’s how:

11. David Hitlin Quinn Symposium April 16, 2010 11 Global CKM Fit  Consistency of angles  Consistency of angles and sides from global fit  Overall good fit (CKMFitter: global p-value 45%)  ~2σ tension between sin2β and ε K / V ub  correction to ε K will make fit worse Buras, Guadagnoli, PRD78, 033005 (2008)

12. David Hitlin Quinn Symposium April 16, 2010 12 V* td sin2β from decays

13. David Hitlin Quinn Symposium April 16, 2010 13 sin2β from decays Theoretically clean measurement of |S| = sin2β with B  J/ψ K 0, J  ψ    ψ(2S  S  c  S    c   S  by BABAR and Belle BABAR, PRD 79,072009 (2009) statistically limited

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15. David Hitlin Quinn Symposium April 16, 2010 15

16. David Hitlin Quinn Symposium April 16, 2010 16 sin2  from  decays V* td u u V ub V* td

17. David Hitlin Quinn Symposium April 16, 2010 17 S ππ  sin2a eff = sin2 (   ) b → u “tree” b → d “penguin” Two amplitudes ( P/T ~ 0.3) :  Determine  from isospin analysis Gronau & London, PRL 65, 3381 (1990) PRL 98, 211801 (2007) Optimal Case: Excluded at 95% CL sin2  from B 0  

18. David Hitlin Quinn Symposium April 16, 2010 18 Grossman-Quinn Gronau-London-Sinha 2 Ouch !

19. David Hitlin Quinn Symposium April 16, 2010 19 sin2  from B  ,   VV decay B    Separate isospin analysis for each polarization amplitude  Longitudinal polarization >90%  Small penguin contribution in B →  PRL 102, 141802 (2009 )

20. David Hitlin Quinn Symposium April 16, 2010 20  from  B   D (*) K  Decays  Rates of B ±  D (*) K ± decays are sensitive to  through interference of b  c and b  u transitions  Need states accessible to and  Several neutral D (*) final states have been studied by BABAR, Belle and CDF  Must also determine D decays: GLW : CP eigenstates , KK, etc.) Gronau & London, PLB 253, 483 (1991); Gronau & Wyler, PLB 265, 172 (1991) ADS: Flavor DCSD states (K  ) Atwood, Dunietz, & Soni, PRL 78, 3257 (1997), Atwood, Dunietz, & Soni, PRD 63, 036005 (2001) GGSZ: 3-body decays (K S  K S KK) Giri, Grossman, Soffer, & Zupan, PRD 68, 054018 (2003) Bondar, PRD 70, 072003 (2004) New BABAR measurement with first evidence for ADS signal in B - → DK - 3.4 σ Lopez-March @ EPS’09 u V ub u u u u V cb

21. David Hitlin Quinn Symposium April 16, 2010 21  from  B -  D (*) K - Decays  Interference in B -  D (*) K - decays with 3-body Dalitz analysis of D  K S π π, D  K S KK are sensitive to 

22. David Hitlin Quinn Symposium April 16, 2010 22 CKM Fitter results as of Moriond 2010 Adding in the CP asymmetry measurements from B A B AR and Belle, we now have a set of highly overconstrained tests, which grosso modo, are well-satisfied Are we there yet?

23. David Hitlin Quinn Symposium April 16, 2010 23 A decade of progress

24. David Hitlin Quinn Symposium April 16, 2010 24  sufficient constraints to explore subsets All CP-conserving CP-violating Tree amplitudesLoop amplitudesAngles only

25. David Hitlin Quinn Symposium April 16, 2010 25 Whither Heavy Flavor Physics ? avor physics provides the experimental foundation of much of the Standard Model  Flavor physics provides the experimental foundation of much of the Standard Model  Heavy flavor physics plays an important role, in that it furnishes many parameters that can be  determined experimentally with precision  compared with reliable theoretical predictions  As such, heavy flavor physics has served  to establish major pillars of the Standard Model:  the particle content  the weak couplings  the suppression of flavor-changing neutral currents, …… and and  to constrain what lies beyond the Standard Model  When new physics is found at the LHC  Flavor physics has provided, and will continue to provide, unique information on the nature of any new physics found at LHC

26. David Hitlin Quinn Symposium April 16, 2010 26 Can we learn more ?  Unitarity triangle tests  These primarily involve measurements in the B system, but require measurements of the Cabibbo angle,  K and theoretical inputs 1. Does the agreement of the overconstrained tests stand up to detailed scrutiny ? 2. Can the UT tests be improved with better theoretical calculations and/or improved experiments ? 3. Is there any room for new physics ?  There are a few issues  Overconstrained tests of three generation unitarity  Does the unitarity triangle close ?  Are there extra mixing phases ?  Are there extra CP -violating phases ?

27. David Hitlin Quinn Symposium April 16, 2010 27

28. David Hitlin Quinn Symposium April 16, 2010 28 The B (B→  ) conflict Also constrains Higgs doublet models G. Eigen

29. David Hitlin Quinn Symposium April 16, 2010 29 The K  problem  The four B→K  decays provide four branching fraction measurements, four direct CP asymmetries and one mixing-induced CP asymmetry ( B 0 →K 0  0 )  The decay amplitudes are related by isospin  The amplitudes can be written in terms of tree and penguin Standard Model amplitudes  A SM sum rule (Gronau-Rosner) relates the asymmetries  Consistent with the SM at the 20% level  New Physics: NP in P NP e i  p  A(K 0   ) = -0.15 NP in P C EW,NP e i  EW  A(K 0   ) = -0.03 G. Eigen

30. David Hitlin Quinn Symposium April 16, 2010 30  SM predicts very small β s (~0.02)  Thus sensitive to new physics in B s mixing  DØ and CDF measure β s with fit to decay time and angular distribution of B s → J/ψ   Simultaneous fit to extract ΔΓ s and β s β s from B s → J/ψ  decays DØ and CDF working on updates with >2x samples LHCb sensitivity with 0.5 fb -1 :  s 

31. David Hitlin Quinn Symposium April 16, 2010 31 Does the agreement of the overconstrained tests stand up to detailed scrutiny ?  There is actually some tension, and there are enough constraints to explore these issues  Caveats:  There may be Standard Model explanations for some effects  All issues are at the <3  level  Inclusive and exclusive V ub determinations are not in good agreement  There are also issues with inclusive/exclusive V cb  The B (B→  ) conflict in V ub  The B s → ψ ϕ phase  The K  problem  The agreement of the fitted, i.e., SM-predicted, value of sin 2  vs the directly measured value using tree decays and loop decays is not perfect Lunghi and Soni

32. David Hitlin Quinn Symposium April 16, 2010 32 Is there a fourth quark generation ?  A fourth generation CKM-like mixing matrix has  2 additional quark masses  3 additional mixing angles  2 additional CP -violating phases  A recent analysis by Bobrowski, Lenz, Reidl and Rohrwild (Phys.Rev.D79:113006,2009) shows that large regions of the new parameter spaces are still allowed  Super B will be the primary tool to close down, or, perhaps find, non-zero values of these fourth generation parameters  Potential motivation (Hou): with 4 generations and m t', m b' ~300-600 GeV, gain 10 13 -10 15 in the effect of SM CP violation on the baryon asymmetry of the universe !        

33. David Hitlin Quinn Symposium April 16, 2010 33 Correlations in CP asymmetries in rare decays are diagnostic of SM4 models  SM4 models have been comprehensively explored by Buras, Duling, Feldmann, Heidsieck, Promberger & Recksiegel (arXiv:1002.2126v2 [hep-ph])  Many CKM extension patterns are possible in the mixing matrix  For example, a 1,,  2,  3,  4 pattern for 0ff-diagonal terms leads to a “Wolfenstein” parametrization:  Many other V SM4 patterns are possible. They can be identified, and distinguished from SUSY and extra dimension models, by the observed patterns of CP -violating effects: = There are also additional effects in K L, B d and B s decays (%)

34. David Hitlin Quinn Symposium April 16, 2010 34 Okada, et al: a sample of new physics models

35. David Hitlin Quinn Symposium April 16, 2010 35 CPV Probes of New Physics  In the Standard Model we expect the same value for “sin2  ” in modes, but different SUSY models can produce different asymmetries  Since the penguin modes have branching fractions one or two orders of magnitude less than tree modes, a great deal of luminosity is required to make these measurements to meaningful precision ~ b u,c,t s b d,s,b s W - H -  - g,  0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

36. David Hitlin Quinn Symposium April 16, 2010 36  from b  s(qq) penguin loop decays  In the SM the penguin decay amplitude is dominant and has same weak phase as b  qqs amplitude  expect to measure |S| = sin(2  )  SM contributions from suppressed diagrams expected to be small (  sin(2  ) = sin(2  eff )  sin(2  ) ~ 0.01-0.1)  Penguin decays with b → sq q loop sensitive to New Physics from heavy particles  New Physics contributions could cause large  sin(2  ) BABAR PRD 79, 052003 (2009)

37. David Hitlin Quinn Symposium April 16, 2010 37 sin2 β from b  s(qq) penguin loop decays  CP asymmetries have been measured in 9 different b  s (qq) modes by B A B AR /Belle  All measurements of sin2β eff are consistent with sin2β b→ccs  C is consistent wi th zero  Naïve average sin2β eff of all b → sqq modes used to be ~3σ lower than sin2β (~2004), now ~1σ  Some modes (    '         ) have relatively small theoretical uncertainties (~5%) Theoretically clean modes

38. David Hitlin Quinn Symposium April 16, 2010 38 1) 2) There are important penguin and tree corrections   Corrections of up to 20% corrections for sin2β are possible These corrections can be calculated and/or bounded Gold Silver Bronze 4 29 20 x10 -6

39. David Hitlin Quinn Symposium April 16, 2010 39 Can we resolve these outstanding issues in heavy flavor physics?  To access the very rare b, c and  decays that can show effects due to a fourth generation, SUSY, extra dimensions, etc., requires large hadronic data samples (viz. LHC) and an e + e - data sample ~100x as large as the total B A B AR /Belle data set (~1.3 ab -1 )  As none of us is getting any younger, obtaining this sample in our lifetime requires an asymmetric collider with a luminosity of 10 36, which can record 15 ab-1/New Snowmass Year, as well as a detector that can cope with the event rates and backgrounds B A B AR Super B

40. David Hitlin Quinn Symposium April 16, 2010 40 Lepton Flavor Violation in  decays Super B Factory sensitivity directly confronts New Physics models Super B sensitivity For 75 ab -1 We expect to see LFV events, not just improve limits

41. David Hitlin Quinn Symposium April 16, 2010 41 A longitudinally polarized electron beam, producing polarized  ’s, can determinate the chiral structure of lepton flavor-violating interactions Polarized  ’s can probe the chiral structure of LFV in a model-independent manner Dassinger, Feldmann, Mannel, and Turczyk JHEP 0710:039,2007; [See also Matsuzaki and Sanda Phys.Rev.D77:073003,2008 ] Also: Reduction in backgrounds for rare  decays Measurement of  anamolous magnetic moment Search for CP or T violation in  production and decay

42. David Hitlin Quinn Symposium April 16, 2010 42 A longitudinally polarized electron beam, producing polarized  ’s, can determinate the chiral structure of lepton flavor-violating interactions Polarized  ’s can probe the chiral structure of LFV in a model-independent manner Dassinger, Feldmann, Mannel, and Turczyk JHEP 0710:039,2007; [See also Matsuzaki and Sanda Phys.Rev.D77:073003,2008 ] Also: Reduction in backgrounds for rare  decays Measurement of  anamolous magnetic moment Search for CP or T violation in  production and decay

43. David Hitlin Quinn Symposium April 16, 2010 43 A DNA Chip for New Physics Altmannshofer, Buras, Gori, Paradis and Straub Nucl.Phys.B830, 7-94, 2010

44. David Hitlin Quinn Symposium April 16, 2010 44 The National Research Plan for 2010-2012 of the Italian Ministry of Education and Science

45. David Hitlin Quinn Symposium April 16, 2010 45 Conclusions  CP violation experiments have provided some of the key building blocks for the construction of the three generation Standard Model  Through a series of overconstrained tests the B factories have convincingly shown that the CKM phase can account for a wide variety of experimental phenomena, although there are still some intriguing discrepancies  This, of course, leaves us with the mystery of the origin of the matter-antimatter asymmetry (leptogenesis ?)  There is still room for a fourth generation, which could be pertinent to the baryon symmetry problem  SM extensions provide many additional CP -violating phases  Super B Factories, now hopefully near to becoming a reality, can provide unique sensitivity to explore this area, and, more generally, the flavor structure of any new physics found at the LHC