1. BIRDS

2. Evolution of birds:
Fossil evidence shows that birds evolved from the same line as
crocodiles and dinosaurs.
Archaeopteryx was an ancient bird with a
reptile-like tail, clawed fingers on the wings,
teeth, a fused furculum and a body covered with feathers.

5. Archaeopteryx

6. Birds - very successful due to: - being endotherms and - being able to fly to new locations. -They inhabit a wide range of climates due to this.

7. Ornithology - the study of birds
Evolution- evidence from:
Fossils
Comparative anatomy –
-modern birds have structures similar to those of reptiles.
-amniotic eggs
-scales (feathers are modified scales and birds have scales on their feet)
-crocs and birds have a 4 chambered heart
-crocs and birds display maternal care

8. BIRD CLASSIFICATION: Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum:
Vertebrate
Class:
Birds (Aves)

9. Over 9700 different species divided into 29 different orders.
-Classified according to their morphological features including
beaks, feet and plumage

10. General Characteristics of birds:
1. The body is covered with feathers.
2. The bones are thin and hollow.
Forelimbs are wings in most species and
used for flight.
4. Two hind legs support the body.
5. A tooth-less horny beak is present.
6. Birds are warm-blooded and temp. is
regulated internally by their metabolism.
7. The heart is four-chambered
8. Amniotic eggs have a calcium shell and are
incubated in a nest by parents in most
species

11. CHARACTERISICS OF BIRDS:
Feathers: (modified scales)
Used for:
Flight
Insulation
- Made up of keratin
Four different types of feathers:
Down feathers:
Covers entire body of young
Soft and Fluffy ~traps warm air from body
On adult: Lies closest to body for insulation

12. Nothing as nice as a fluffy, warm down
blanket on a cold winters night……..

13. Streamline shape of bird Bottom part similar to Down (insulation)
Contour feathers:
Streamline shape of bird
Bottom part similar to Down (insulation)
Provide coloration
Camouflage
Identifies species/sex
Contour Feather

14. Flight feathers: (modified Contour) Found on wings & tail
Helps provide lift for flight
Flight animantion

15. Bristle feathers:
Located on Eyes, Nostrils & Around Face
Filter dirt
Similar to eyelashes/nose hair

16. Hooks PARTS OF A FEATHER: Barbs: Many make up a vane
Follicle: Tiny pit in skin where feathers develop
Hooks
Shaft or quill: Develops from follicle & runs up center of feather
Hold barbules together
Barbules: Have hooks on ends to hold barbs together
Vanes: 2 vanes per feather on each side of shaft

17. Follicles:

18. Quill

19. VANE

20. Feathers are cared for by preening: Use beak to zip feathers together and waterproof them by spreading oil from the preening gland
Preening Gland: Base of tail, contains oil

21. Molting: -Shedding of feathers
-like our hair and fingernails, feathers are not living.
-can not heal damaged feathers-molt immediately

22. Feather Lab

23. Skeletal and Muscular Systems:
Bones are thin and lightweight
hollow with honeycombed air filled spaces.
A pelican is approximately 5 feet long and
weighs nearly 20 pounds
-However, their bones only
weigh 23 ounces

24. Many bones are fused for greater support
Example:
Breast bones are fused to form the KEEL. The keel is the anchor for the powerful flight muscles.

25. Additional adaptations for flight:
No heavy jaw bones
No jaw muscles / no chewing of food
No teeth
Extremely thin skull bones

26. Muscular System: Large muscles for strength
Largest muscle is the breast or pectorals muscles. -Provide powerful down stroke of the wing for flight.
Skin muscles attached to each feather follicle, allowing feathers to alter position during flight.

27. Turkey breast….yum yum

28. Metabolism:
Very fast metabolism
Requires large amount of food to maintain high metabolic rate
Digest food quickly ~ can’t afford extra wt of food in their system.
Must eat constantly to support energy need. “You eat like a bird….”
-mean you eat small amounts but actually a bird must eat a lot.
Body temperature: º F

29. Endothermic metabolism:
Generate heat to warm body internally
Need large quantities of food
Can’t go long periods of time w/o eating
Feathers and a layer of fat help to regulate their body temperature

30. Feeding and digestion:
Birds require a large amount of food to maintain their high metabolic rate
Digestion in birds is faster than in reptiles
Do not chew food
Birds have a crop at base of esophagus that stores and moistens food
Birds have a gizzard that contains small stones that crush food the birds swallow
Baby birds lack the stones so parent regurgitates the food for the baby.

31. Digestive System: Passage of food: Mouth: Esophagus:
Crop: stores and moistens food
Two-part stomach
Proventriculus adds gastric enzymes
Gizzard-contains stones for crushing food
Small intestines
Large Intestines (Caeca)
Cloaca

33. Esophagus
Stomach
Large Intestine

34. -Entrance of digestive system
Mouth:
-Entrance of digestive system
-No teeth
-Uses a beak to pick up food
-Beaks are specific based on what
type of food is eaten.
Esophagus:
-Passage of food from mouth to stomach
-no digestion occurs here
Esophagus:
Passage of food from month to stomach

35. Crop: Storage for food; where it’s moistened
Proventriculus: First part of stomach; a gastric gland, add enzymes, where digestion starts
Gizzard: Helps kneed or crust the food (eat pebbles to help crush food)
Small Intestines: Where most food is digested, absorbed and broken down by enzymes and bile
Large Intestines: (Caeca/um) Water absorbed, waste separated from nutrients
Cloaca: Exit of digestive, reproductive and excretory systems.
45 MINUTES TO DIGEST & REMOVE!!!

37. Gizzard with Pebbles

39. Kidneys filters out the nitrogenous wastes from blood
Excretory System:
Kidneys filters out the nitrogenous wastes from blood
Nitrogenous waste is in the form of uric acid
It is less toxic
It is very concentrated because it is not watered down since there is no urinary bladder.
Passes out cloaca
NO URINARY BLADDER= MAKES BIRD LIGHTER
FOR FLIGHT

41. Respiratory System:
Elaborate and highly efficient
Needs lots of oxygen continuously for energy for flight.
High metabolic rate also
requires much oxygen.
Therefore the lungs
must have a lot of
surface area for
O2 and CO2 exchange

42. Passage of air: Pair of nostrils Trachea Bronchi Lungs Air Sacs
Located near base of beak
Trachea
Where air passes after entering nostrils
Bronchi
2 bronchi: leads to lungs and then air sacs
Lungs
25% of air remains in lungs , 75% by passes lungs and goes into air sacs
Air Sacs
9 air sacs, extend from lungs into bones; reduces density; lighter for flight, stores air

44. Esophagus
TRACHEA

45. When a bird breathes, 75% of air enters the air sacs, 25% is inhaled and exhaled with the aide of a rib cage.
Air sacs allow a large % of fresh air to remain inside of a bird at all times so they constantly have a large supply of oxygen thus a large supply of energy.

46. Birds receive oxygen-rich air during inhalation and exhalation in this system.

47.                                         
Lung

48. Complete Septum-divides ventricles…NO MIXING of clean and dirty blood
Circulatory System:
4 chambered heart, 2 loop, closed system
VERY EFFICIENT
2-Atriums
2-Ventricles (THICK) A V
Complete Septum-divides ventricles…NO MIXING of clean and dirty blood
SEPTUM
Humming Bird – beats 600 times/minute Chickadee – beats 1000 times/minute
-delivers much needed food and oxygen to cells for energy.

49. Oxygenated blood (red) is pumped from the lungs to various parts of the body; Deoxygenated blood (blue) is returned from body to lungs.

51. Nervous System:
Very Large Brains
Coordinated movement
Contains large optic lobes
(very good color vision and acute hearing)
No external ears-has tympanic membranes
Good care of young (large cerebrum)

52. Olfactory lobe is small in birds
-most birds sense of smell is not
highly developed
Example:
The only predator to a skunk is an owl because owls can not smell at all.

53. Have nictitating membranes and bristle fibers to protect eyes
The saying “You’re such a bird brain”
Is a complement since they have a large cerebrum and are very good at reasoning and thinking

54. Reproduction: Males: Sperm is produced in 2 testes
Sperm passes through small tubes called vasa deferntia into the cloaca
Mating – male presses his cloaca to the female cloaca and releases sperm

55. Females: Single ovary on left side of body
Ovary releases eggs into oviduct where they’re fertilized
Fertilized eggs move down the oviduct where they receive a protective calcium carbonate covering / shell in the uterus.
Egg passes out cloaca

57. For most birds, copulation involves a “cloacal kiss”, with the male on the female's back & twisting his tail under the female's
-Copulation typically lasts just a few seconds

58. All birds have internal fertilization, with separate sexes.
Sexual dimorphism:
males are more brightly colored and have bolder feathers than females…
Males also territorial.

60. Oviparity:
Lay eggs in nest which conceals young from predators & provides shelter

61. Two types of hatchings:
Precocial - alert and active young at hatching. Covered in down feathers when hatch. (ducklings, goslings)
Altricial –incubate short time, rapid growth Can’t see and have no feathers. (cardinals, robins, eaglettes)

62. Precocial

63. Atricial

64. Parental Care: Both parents incubate eggs by sitting on them
Have a brood patch
On abdomin
No feathers
A lot of blood vessels
to keep eggs warm

65. Migration:
When food is scarce-fly to a new and more suitable environment.

66. Navigation:
Use stars & sun; earths magnetic field; changes in air pressure; low frequency sounds; topographical landmarks

67. Pigeons: hyperlink
Origins: Pigeons and doves have been around for a long time—long before humans. Rock Doves are thought to have originated in southern Asia several million years ago. Compare this to modern humans that first appeared about 120,000 years ago.
Size and weight: A pigeon is about 13 inches (32 cm) in length from bill to tail and weighs a little less than a pound (0.35 kg). Males are slightly bigger than females.
A pigeon family: 
Hen: an adult female pigeon
Cock: an adult male pigeon
Hatchling: a newly hatched pigeon just a few days old
Squab: a young pigeon from 1–30 days old. When ready to leave its nest, a squab can sometimes weigh more than its parents.
Fledgling: a bird that is ready to fly or that has just taken its first flight
Juvenile: a bird out of its nest and flying but less than eight months old