1. Ami Flowers Luis Candelario 2014 International Issues in Conservation

2. Approximately 9600 bird species in the world Believed to have reptilian origin (150 mya) Jurassic period Archaeopteryx lithographica “Ancient wing inscribed in stone” Largest– Ostrich at 317lbs Smallest – Scintillant Hummingbird at 2.25 g

3. 6-9 ft 6.5 cm

4. FEATHERS! Skeletal System Bones hollow or thin Bones fused Skin Glands (lack of) Uropygial gland at base of tail Waterproof feathers Excretory System Lack urinary bladder Uric acid – highly concentrated Reproductive System One working ovary (left) Gonads enlarge during breeding season Oviparous Digestive System Eat high calorie foods Quick digestion (1 hr) Nervous System Well-developed brain Excellent eye sight Anosmic – reduced or no sense of smell

6. Contour Feather Form outline of the body Remiges – flight feathers Retrices – tail feathers Semiplumes Plumaceous – loose-vaned Lack hamuli (hooks) Under contour feathers Aid in insulation and buoyancy Filoplumes Hair-like Small vane at tip or no vane Aid in sensing

7. Down Soft feathers lacking vanes Short rachus Beneath contour feathers Aid in insulation Bristles Vaneless Found around eyes, mouth, nostrils For sensory and air filtration

8. Anisodactyl Hallux is behind and the other three toes are in front Passerines Zygodactyl Toes arranged in pairs Two up front, two in the back Woodpeckers Syndactyl Third and fourth toes fused Kingfishers Pamprodactyl All four toes are forward Hummingbirds and Swifts

9. Palmate Front three toes are webbed Ducks and gulls Semipalmate Anterior of toes half- webbed Plovers Totipalmate All four toes are webbed Comorants Lobate Toes are lobed Grebes

10. Songs Local vocal displays with specific repeated patterns Species specific Mainly by males Functions to identify: Species Sex Territory Vigor (mating) Calls Short, simple vocalizations Often a single note Intra/interspecific Both males and females Variety of functions: Warning Feeding Nest Flocking

11. In Botswana and South Africa

12. Order Pelicaniformes Family Ardeidae Grey Heron Family Ciconiidae Saddle-billed Stork

13. Family Threskiornithidae Hadeda Ibis Family Scopidae Hammerkop

14. Family Charadriidae Blacksmith Lapwing White-crowned Lapwing Three-banded Plover

15. Order Anseriformes Family Anatidae Egyptian Geese Order Apodiformes Family Apodidae African Palm-swift

16. Family Accipitridae Bateleur African Fish Eagle

17. Family Accipitridae Martial Eagle Tawny Eagle Verreaux’s Eagle

18. Family Accipitridae Lappett-faced Vulture White-backed Vulture

19. Family Accipitridae White-headed Vulture Cape Vulture

20. Lappet-faced Vulture White-backed Vulture White-headed Vulture Cape Vulture

21. Family Strigidae Verreaux’s Eagle-owl Spotted Eagle-owl Pel’s Fishing Owl Pearl Spotted Owlet

22. Family Phasianidae Crested Francolin Natal Francolin Swainson’s Spurfowl

23. Family Numididae Helmeted Guineafowl Crested Guineafowl

24. Order Caprimulgiformes Family Caprimulgidae Fiery-necked Nightjar Order Pteroclidiformes Family Pteroclidae Double-breasted Sandgrouse

25. Family Columbidae African Green Pigeon Namaqua Dove Emerald-spotted Wood-Dove

26. Family Columbidae Cape Turtle Dove Red-eyed Dove Laughing Dove

27. Family Psittacidae Brown-headed Parrot Grey-headed Parrot Meyer’s Parrot

28. Family Musophagidae Grey Go-away-bird

29. Family Coliidae Speckled Mousebird Red-faced Mousebird

30. Family Alcedinidae Giant Kingfisher Pied Kingfisher Striped Kingfisher

31. Family Meropidae White-fronted Bee-eater Little Bee-eater

32. Family Coraciidae Lilac-breasted Roller Racket-tailed Roller

33. Family Upupidae African Hoopoe Family Phoeniculidae Green Wood-hoopoe

34. Family Bucerotidae Red-billed Hornbill Southern Yellow-billed Hornbill

35. Family Picidae Golden-tailed Woodpecker Cardinal Woodpecker Bearded Woodpecker

36. Family Lybidaee Black-collared Barbet Crested Barbet

37. Family Buphagidae Yellow-billed Oxpecker Red-billed Oxpecker

38. Family Cisticolidae Rattling Cisticola Red-faced Cisticola Grey-backed Camaroptera Yellow-breasted Apalis Tawny-flanked Prinia

39. Family Dicruridae Fork-tailed Drongo Family Muscicapidae Southern Black Flycatcher

40. Family Emberizidae Cinnamon-breasted Bunting Golden-breasted Bunting Family Fringillidae Lemon-breasted Canary Yellow-fronted Canary

41. Family Estrilididae Blue Waxbill Green-winged Pytilia Family Sylviide Burnt-necked Eremomela Green-capped Eremomela

42. Family Malaconotidae Tropical BouBou Brubru Black-backed Puffback Orange-breasted Bush- shrike

43. Family Motacillidae African Pied Wagtail Family Platysteirnidae Chinspot Batis

44. Family Muscicapidae African Stone Chat Bearded Scrub-robin White-browed Scrub-robin White-throated Robin-chat White-browed Robin-chat

45. Family Turdidae Kurrichane Thrush Family Nectariniidae White-bellied Sunbird Marico Sunbird

46. Family Oriolidae Black-headed Oriole Family Pyconotidae Dark-capped Bulbul

47. Family Ploceidae Red-billed Quelea Red-billed Buffalo Weaver Family Prionopidae White-crested Helmet Shrike Southern White-crowned Shrike

48. Family Timaliidae Arrow-marked Babbler Family Sturnidae Meve’s Starling