1. Chapter 30 The Animal Kingdom The Deuterostomes

2. Deuterostomes 2nd main branch of animal kingdom
Mouth second, Anus first
Radial cleavage, indeterminate

3. Phylum Echinodermata “spiny-skinned” Marine
Larvae – bilateral symmetry, ciliated, free-swimming
Adult- pentaradial symmetry – 5 points around central axis
Endoskeleton of CaCO3 plates and spines (project)

4. Water vascular system – unique
Fluid-filled canals – locomotion, feeding, gas exchange
Branches to tube feet – suction to surface
Coelomic fluid – transport
Complete digestive system
No excretory organs
Nervous system – nerve rings w/ radiating nerves about the mouth
Sexes separate – gametes, water fertilization

5. Stomach Anus Spine Gills Central disk Digestive glands Madreporite
Fig
Stomach
Anus
Spine
Gills
Central disk
Digestive glands
Madreporite
Radial
nerve
Figure Anatomy of a sea star, an echinoderm
Gonads
Ring
canal
Ampulla
Podium
Radial canal
Tube
feet

6. Tube Feet

8. 6 Classes of Echinoderms
1. Class Crinoidea
Feather star (motile) , sea lilies (sessile)
Oral surface upper side
Arms extend upward

9. (d) A feather star (class Crinoidea)
Fig d
Figure Echinoderms
(d) A feather star (class Crinoidea)

10. 2. Class Asteroidea Sea stars Body – central disk w/ 5-20 arms
Underside of arm – 100s pairs tube feet
Mouth – center, underside
Endoskeleton – calcareous plates
Gas exchange – dermal gills
Carnivorous
Slow-moving
Circulation poor  coelomic fluid – bathes tissues
Excretory – diffusion across tube feet/gills

11. (a) A sea star (class Asteroidea)
Fig a
Figure Echinoderms
(a) A sea star (class Asteroidea)

12. 3. Class Ophiuroidea Basket star, brittle star
Resemble sea stars w/ central disk and arms
Arms – long + slender
Swim – more quickly
Tube feet – no suckers so no locomotion

13. (b) A brittle star (class Ophiuroidea)
Fig b
Figure Echinoderms
(b) A brittle star (class Ophiuroidea)

14. 4. Class Echinoidea Sea urchins, sand dollars
Skeletal plates flattened + fused to form solid shell = test
Spines on body
Tube feet + movable spines – locomotion
Calcareous teeth – graze sea floor for algae

15. (c) A sea urchin (class Echinoidea)
Fig c
Figure Echinoderms
(c) A sea urchin (class Echinoidea)

16. 5. Class Holothuroidea Sea cucumbers (size + shape cucumber)
Body – flexible, muscular sac
Mouth surrounded by circle of tentacles (modified tube feet)
Endoskeleton reduced to microscopic plates in body wall
Sluggish
Evisceration

17. (e) A sea cucumber (class Holothuroidea)
Fig e
Figure Echinoderms
(e) A sea cucumber (class Holothuroidea)

18. 6. Class Concentricycloidea
Sea daisies
2 ring canals w/ tube feet projecting from outer ring

19. (f) A sea daisy (class Concentricycloidea)
Fig f
Figure Echinoderms
(f) A sea daisy (class Concentricycloidea)

20. Phylum Hemichordata “half chordate”
Bilateral w/ring of cilia around mouth
3 part body – proboscis, collar, trunk
Like chordates – pharyngeal gill slits, dorsal nerve cord
Like echinoderms – molecular data, similar larvae
Acorn worms

21. Phylum Chordata Humans 3 subphyla Deuterostome coelomate
Urochordata – tunicates
Cephalochordata – lancelets
Vertebrata – animals w/backbones
Deuterostome coelomate
Bilateral symmetry
Tube w/in a tube body plan
3 well-developed germ layers
Endoskeleton, closed circulatory system

22. Unique Characteristics of Chordates (sometime in life cycle)
1. notochord
Dorsal longitudinal rod – firm, flexible, support
2. dorsal tubular nerve cord
Hollow, single
3. Pharyngeal slits
In embryo, form as grooves in pharyngeal region
Become gills, jaws
4. muscular postanal tail
On larva/embryo

23. Dorsal, hollow nerve cord Pharyngeal slits or clefts Muscular,
Fig. 34-3
Dorsal,
hollow
nerve cord
Muscle
segments
Notochord
Mouth
Figure 34.3 Chordate characteristics
Anus
Pharyngeal
slits or clefts
Muscular,
post-anal tail

24. Subphylum Urochordata - tunicates
Sea squirts
Chordate characteristics in larvae
Pharyngeal slits
Muscular tail, notochord, + dorsal tubular nerve cord
Adult - sessile on sea bottom
Loses tail, notochord, much of nervous system
Barrel shape
Tunic = protective covering, made of cellulose
Suspension feeders
Reproduce
Budding
Sexually - hermaphroditic

25. Incurrent siphon Water flow to mouth Notochord Dorsal, hollow
Fig. 34-5
Incurrent
siphon
to mouth
Water flow
Notochord
Dorsal, hollow
nerve cord
Excurrent
siphon
Excurrent
siphon
Excurrent
siphon
Tail
Atrium
Muscle
segments
Incurrent
siphon
Pharynx
with
slits
Intestine
Anus
Stomach
Tunic
Intestine
Atrium
Figure 34.5 A tunicate, a urochordate
Esophagus
Pharynx with slits
Stomach
An adult tunicate
A tunicate larva

26. Subphylum Cephalochordata – lancelets (amphioxus)
Translucent, fish-shaped
5-10 cm long
Pointed both ends
Chordate characteristics
Notochord, pharyngeal slits, nerve cord
Filter feeder

27. Cirri 2 cm Mouth Pharyngeal slits Atrium Notochord Digestive tract
Fig. 34-4
Cirri
2 cm
Mouth
Pharyngeal slits
Atrium
Notochord
Digestive tract
Atriopore
Dorsal, hollow
nerve cord
Segmental
muscles
Figure 34.4 The lancelet Branchiostoma, a cephalochordate
Anus
Tail

28. Subphylum Vertebrata Vertebral column – backbone
Skeletal axis of body
Develops around notochord
Usually – replaces notochord
Made of vertebrae (cartilage or bone segments)
Dorsal projections of vertebrae enclose nerve cord
Cranium – encloses + protects brain
Endoskeleton = cranium + vertebral column
Living – grows w/ animal
bone

29. Cephalization
2 pair appendages – stability, locomotion
Closed circulatory system
Complete digestive tract
Endocrine glands – hormones
Sexes typically separate

30. Vertebrates Class Agnatha – jawless fishes
Hagfish, lampreys
No jaws or paired fins
Eel-shaped up to 1 m
smooth skin, no scales
Cartilaginous skeleton
Well-developed notochord
Many parasitic – circular sucking disk around mouth

31. Fig. 34-9
Slime glands
Figure 34.9 A hagfish

32. Fig
Figure A sea lamprey

33. Vertebrates Class Chondrichthyes – cartilaginous fishes
Sharks, rays, skates
Cartilage not replaced by bone
Paired jaws, 2 pair fins
Scales
Stay afloat?
No swim bladder
Swim – body shape + fins
Oil storage in liver
Most predatory
5-7 pair gills
Sexes separate – internal fertilization

34. (a) Blacktip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus)
Fig a
Figure Chondrichthyans
Pelvic fins
Pectoral fins
(a) Blacktip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus)

35. (b) Southern stingray (Dasyatis americana)
Fig b
Figure Chondrichthyans
(b) Southern stingray (Dasyatis americana)

36. Manta Ray

37. Shark Eating Seal

38. Vertebrates Class Osteichthyes – bony fishes
Bony skeleton, many vertebrae – support, calcium storage
Body – overlapping bony scales
External fertilization
Stay afloat?
Swim bladder – air sac – helps regulate buoyancy
Holds up bones, muscles
Fish can hover w/o much effort

39. (a) Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares)
Fig a
Figure Ray-finned fishes (class Actinopterygii)
(a) Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares)

40. (b) Clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris)
Fig b
Figure Ray-finned fishes (class Actinopterygii)
(b) Clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris)

41. Clownfish and Sea Anemone

42. Coral Reef

43. (c) Sea horse (Hippocampus ramulosus)
Fig c
Figure Ray-finned fishes (class Actinopterygii)
(c) Sea horse (Hippocampus
ramulosus)

44. Sea Horses

45. (d) Fine-spotted moray eel (Gymnothorax dovii)
Fig d
Figure Ray-finned fishes (class Actinopterygii)
(d) Fine-spotted moray eel
(Gymnothorax dovii)

46. Vertebrates Class Amphibia
Salamander, newt, frog, toad
Most live on land near water
Need water to reproduce
Metamorphosis
Larva to adult (frogs, toads) – tadpole
Lungs, moist skin – gas exchange
3-chambered heart

47. Newt

48. (a) Order Urodela (b) Order Anura (c) Order Apoda Fig. 34-21
Figure Amphibians
(c) Order Apoda

49. (a) Tadpole (b) During metamorphosis (c) Mating adults Fig. 34-22
Figure The “dual life” of a frog (Rana temporaria)
(b) During
metamorphosis
(c) Mating adults

50. Fig
Figure A mobile nursery

51. Vertebrates - Amniotes
Amniotic egg – can complete life cycle on land
Keeps water environment
Minimize water loss
Body covering – no gas exchange on surface  efficient lungs, circulatory system
Fluid reabsorbed, solid waste

52. Chorion Allantois Amnion Yolk sac Embryo Amniotic cavity with amniotic
Fig
Chorion
Allantois
Amnion
Yolk sac
Embryo
Amniotic
cavity
with
amniotic
fluid
Yolk
(nutrients)
Figure The amniotic egg
Shell
Albumen

53. Vertebrates Class Reptilia
Lizard, crocodile, turtle, snake, alligator
Amnion, leathery shall on egg  reproduce w/o water
Dry, scaly skin
3-chambered heart
Crocs – 4 chambers
Internal fertilization
Lungs
Excrete uric acid

54. (Alligator mississippiensis)
Fig
(a) Tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus)
(b) Australian thorny devil
lizard (Moloch horridus)
Figure Extant reptiles (other than birds)
(c) Wagler’s pit viper
(Tropidolaemus wagleri)
(d) Eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina)
(e) American alligator
(Alligator mississippiensis)

55. Marine Iguana

56. Snakes Wrestle

58. Fig
Figure Hatching reptiles

59. Tortoise

60. Vertebrates Class Aves - birds
Feathers – light, flexible, strong - flight
Bones – fragile, light, strong, hollow
Scales on legs – (reptile ancestor)
Wings – flight, swim
Lay eggs – internal fertilization
Beak at mouth
Air sac – thin-walled extension of lungs – occupy space between internal organs and w/in certain bones
4 chambered heart
Digestive system – crop + gizzard
Endothermic
Excrete uric acid
Calls, songs

61. Finger 1 (b) Bone structure Palm (a) Wing Finger 2 Finger 3 Forearm
Fig
Finger 1
(b) Bone structure
Palm
(a) Wing
Finger 2
Finger 3
Forearm
Wrist
Figure Form fits function: the avian wing and feather
Shaft
Shaft
Barb
Vane
Barbule
Hook
(c) Feather structure

62. Fig
(a) Emu
(b) Mallards
Figure A small sample of living birds
(c) Laysan albatrosses
(d) Barn swallows

64. Flapping Geese

65. Soaring Hawk

66. Swans take flight

67. Vertebrates Class Mammalia
Hair – insulates, protects body
Mammary glands – milk for young
Differentiation of teeth
Incisors, canines, premolars, molars
3 middle ear bones – vibrations
Endothermic
4 chambered heart
Internal fertilization

68. Articular Temporal fenestra Quadrate Dentary Jaw joint Squamosal
Fig
Key
Articular
Temporal
fenestra
Quadrate
Dentary
Jaw joint
Squamosal
(a) In Biarmosuchus, an early synapsid, the articular and
quadrate bones formed the jaw joint.
Middle ear
Eardrum
Middle ear
Eardrum
Stapes
Inner ear
Inner ear
Stapes
Figure The evolution of the mammalian ear bones
Incus (quadrate)
Sound
Sound
Malleus (articular)
Present-day reptile
Present-day mammal
(b) In mammals, the articular and quadrate bones are incorporated into the middle ear.

69. 3 Subclasses of Mammals:
1. Holotheria – Monotremes
Duck-billed platypus, spiny anteater (echidna)
Females lay eggs in pouch on abdomen or warm nest
Hatch – lap up milk secreted from mammary glands – no nipples

70. Fig
Figure Short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus), an Australian monotreme

72. 2. Metatheria – Marsupials (pouched mammals)
Kangaroos, opossums, koala, wallabies, wombats
Embryo begins in mom’s uterus
born immature
Crawl to marsupium (pouch) to complete development
Nourished by milk from mammary gland

73. (a) A young brushtail possum
Fig
(a) A young brushtail possum
Figure Australian marsupials
(b) Long-nosed bandicoot

75. Marsupial mammals Eutherian mammals Marsupial mammals Eutherian
Fig
Marsupial
mammals
Eutherian
mammals
Marsupial
mammals
Eutherian
mammals
Plantigale
Deer mouse
Wombat
Woodchuck
Marsupial mole
Mole
Wolverine
Tasmanian devil
Sugar glider
Flying squirrel
Figure Evolutionary convergence of marsupials and eutherians (placental mammals)
Patagonian cavy
Kangaroo

76. 3. Eutheria – Placental mammals
Placenta – organ of exchange between embryo and mom
Born at mature stage

78. Fig
Figure Coquerel’s sifakas (Propithecus verreauxi coquereli), a type of lemur

79. Bat Licking

80. Bat Pollinating

81. Sea Lion

82. Wolves

83. Gibbon

84. Chimp

85. Chimp

86. (a) Gibbon (b) Orangutan (c) Gorilla (d) Chimpanzees (e) Bonobos
Fig
(a) Gibbon
(b) Orangutan
(c) Gorilla
(d) Chimpanzees
Figure Nonhuman apes
(e) Bonobos

87. Placental Mammal Orders
Example
Insectivora
Chiroptera
Carnivora
Xenarthra
Rodentia
Lagomorpha
Hedgehog
Bat
Wolf
Sloth
Squirrel
rabbit

88. Placental Mammal Orders
Example
Primata
Perissodactyla
Artiodactyla
Proboscidea
Sirenia
Cetacea
Pinnipedia
Lemur
Horse, rhino
Giraffe
Elephant
Manatee
Whale
seal