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WOOL KERATIN-BASED NANOFIBRES FOR ACTIVE FILTRATION OF AIR AND WATER A. Aluigi, C.Vineis, A. Varesano, C. Tonetti, C. Tonin, G.Mazzuchetti. 2 nd International Conference on Innovative Natural Fibre Composites for Industrial Applications Rome, April 15-18, 2009 INSTITUTE FOR MACROMOLECULAR STUDIES
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High Cysteine Content Protein (7-20% of the total aminoacids) WoolFeather Horns, Nails Hair KERATINS
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KERATIN WASTES: Renewable Source > 5.000.000 tons/year of keratin wastes from By-products of the textile industry Poor quality raw wool not fit for spinning Hairs and feathers from butchery
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Intermidiate Filaments LS Low-Sulphur Content Keratin (1,5 -2 %wt) (LS) MW: 60, 45 kDa -Helix Structure Cuticle HS High-Sulphur Content Keratin (8%wt) (HS) MW: 28-11 kDa Sheet-Disordered Structures Matrix HS High-Sulphur Content Keratin (8% wt) (HS) MW: 28-11 kDa Disordered Structure Wool Fibre
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AIM Nanofibre Non-Wovens Filtration System Air Cleaning Water depuration: especially removal of ultrafine particles and heavy metals adsorption Keratin from Wool [1] P. Kar and M. Misra, J. Chem. Technol Biotechnol, 2004, 79, 1313-1319 [2] X. Huang, Y. J. Wang and Y. H. Di, Textile Research Journal, 2007, 77(12), 946-950 Properties of regenerated wool keratin Heavy metals absorption [1] Formaldeyde absorption [2] Nanofibre non-wovens properties High surface/volume ratio High porosity
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Nanofibre Production by Electrospinning Basic setup for an electrospinning apparatus High voltage supplier [10 30 KV DC] Syringe with a small diameter needle [0.2 1.5 mm] Metal collecting screen Electrostatic forces Elongational forces able to transform the polymer solution in nanofibres
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Keratin Extraction from Wool + metabisulphite [0.6M]; Urea [8M]; SDS [0.02M]; pH 6.5 Shaking, 65°C, 2h Filtration Solid Fraction Liquid Fraction Keratin/H 2 O Casting 50°C overnight Regenerated Keratin Film Dialysis Filtration 5 m LS HS
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Keratin PA 6 20 kDa Regenerated Keratin Characteristic Poor mechanical properties Non-Thermoplastic Common solvent use (volatile) Polymer Blend Used to produce filters
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Keratin/Formic Acid Solution Stability Keratin / Formic Acid 1Standard Keratin regenerated from formic acid: 22 days 3After two weeks 4After 1 month 5After 3 months Extracted Keratin in Formic Acid 5% wt Casting 50°C overnight Films of Keratin regenerated from Formic Acid SDS-PAGE
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Regenerated Keratin in Formic Acid 15% wt + Polyamide 6 in Formic Acid 15% wt Blends0/10010/9030/7050/5070/3090/10100/0 CastingFilm Electrospinning NanofibreNon-Woven
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Blend solution decanted overnight Cryogenically fractured sections of blend films Viscosity Immiscibility between keratin and polyamide 6 Additivity Rule Solution Properties
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Electrospinning Conditions Flow Rate (ml/min): 0,001 0,005 0,01 Voltage (kV): 15 20 25 30 Tip-to-Target Distance (cm): 10 Capillary (mm): 0,40
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Nanofibre Morfology Beads
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Diameter Size Distributions of Blend Nanofibres
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1 day immersion in water Water Stability
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[Cr +3 ] 0 =50 g/L pH=4 Stock Solution Preliminary test of chromium adsorption
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Formaldehyde Adsorption
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Formaldehyde Adosrption Apparatus Multicomponent filter made of nanofibres deposited in a PP filter sheet Chamber containing 0.6 ppm of formaldehyde Formaldehyde releasing silica Formaldemeter TM
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Decrease of formaldehyde concentration with an initial concentration of 0.6 ppm (100%) during time in the presence of filters Tests performed at 20°C and 65% r.h. Physiosorption + Chemisorption
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CONCLUSIONS Keratin/Polyamide 6 blend solutions in different proportions were prepared using formic acid as a common solvent Morphological analysis and viscosity measurements suggest immiscibility between the two polymers All the blend solutions were suitable for electrospinning and thin nanofibres with diameter ranging from 70 to 300 nm were obtained The stability in water of keratin/polyamide 6 blend nanofibres decreases with increasing the keratin content Keratin based nanofibres show a good chromium adsorption capacity Keratin based nanofibres are good formaldehyde absorbers, reducing airborne formaldehyde concentration up to 70%
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… ALL of YOU for your attention!! …REGIONE PIEMONTE (HI-TEX Project) and CASSA DI RISPARMIO DI BIELLA Foundation for the financial support
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