1. Looking South from Syene Egypt Latitude: 24º N Scorpius Looking South from Athens Greece Latitude: 38º N Scorpius

2. Earth Shadow during Lunar Eclipse Multiple Exposure Photograph

3. Alexandria Cyrene Tropic of Cancer Syene

4. Alexandria Earth 7 14 / 60 º Sunlight

5. North Pole South Pole Equator

6. South Pole Equator North Pole

7. Meridian North Pole South Pole Equator

8. South Pole Equator North Pole Meridian

9. South Celestial Pole North Celestial Pole Celestial Sphere Celestial Equator

10. SCP NCP Celestial Meridian CEq Declination

11. N W E S Horizon Zenith Local Sky

12. SCP NCP CEq Below the Horizon N S E W Z Visible Half of the Sky

13. Horizon Measuring Latitude N W E S NCP CEq Zenith Latitude

14. N S W E Z NCP Equator Z NCP N S W E 40º N Latitude Z NCP North Pole

15. Zenith W E S N NCP CEq Never Sets Above Horizon for 12 h Above Horizon for > 12 h Above Horizon for < 12 h Never Rises

16. SCP NCP CEq Ecliptic ~23.5º Obliquity of the Ecliptic

18. SCP NCP CEq Winter Solstice Summer Solstice Ecliptic

19. SCP NCP CEq Winter Solstice Summer Solstice Vernal Equinox Autumnal Equinox Ecliptic

20. W E S N NCP Summer Solstice Vernal & Autumnal Equinoxes Winter Solstice Z CEq

21. W E S N NCP CEq Summer Solstice Vernal & Autumnal Equinoxes Winter Solstice Z

22. December March June September

23. Equinoxes: March 20 & Sept. 22 Northern Spring/Fall Southern Fall/Spring

24. December 21: Winter Solstice Northern Winter Southern Summer

25. June 21: Summer Solstice Northern Summer Southern Winter

26. 1 KW/m 2 1 m 2 2 m 2

27. 2000 Dec 21: Winter Solstice 2001 June 21: Summer Solstice 2001 Mar 20: Vernal Equinox 2001 Sept 22: Autumnal Equinox Winter Summer Winter Spring Autumn Spring

28. Draco Ursa Minor Cepheus Thuban Polaris 2000 AD 2700 BC

29. Precession of the Equinoxes

30. Moon at PerigeeMoon at Apogee

31. New Moon Full Moon Waning Crescent Last Quarter Waning Gibbous Waxing Gibbous Waxing Crescent First Quarter

32. Sunset Sunrise Midnight Moonset Noon Moonrise Moonrise & Moonset at 1 st Quarter

33. Sunset Moonrise Sunrise Midnight Noon Moonrise & Moonset at Full Moon

34. Sunset Sunrise Midnight Moonrise Noon Moonset Moonrise & Moonset at Last Quarter

35. Sidereal vs. Synodic Months New Moon T=0 d T=27.3 d (Sidereal) T=29.5 d (Synodic)

36. Penumbra Sun Earth Umbra

37. Sunlight Uneclipsed Moon Penumbral Eclipse Total Lunar Eclipse Partial Lunar Eclipse

38. Total Lunar Eclipse (Note the ruddy scattered sunlight) Partial Lunar Eclipse

39. Sunlight Umbra Penumbra Moon Earth

40. SCP NCP CEq Ecliptic 4th 1st 2nd 3rd Cross-Quarter Days Winter Solstice Summer Solstice Vernal Equinox Autumnal Equinox

41. Noon T=0 h T=23 h 56 m 04 s (Sidereal Day) T=24 h (Solar day) Noon Not to Scale Solar & Sidereal Days

42. Inferior Conjunction Superior Conjunction Earth

43. Maximum Eastern Elongation Maximum Western Elongation Earth

44. Conjunction Opposition Earth

45. Opposition Conjunction Eastern Quadrature Western Quadrature Earth

46. Mars Retrograde Motion in 1994/95 1995 Jan 2 1995 Mar 24 1994 Sept 24 1995 July 4

47. Saturn & Jupiter 4/1999 - 6/2000 Saturn Jupiter Mars 11/1998-10/1999 Venus 6-11/1999 Mercury 10-12/1999

48. SCP NCP Celestial Sphere (Daily E-W Motion) Ecliptic Sphere (Annual W-E Motion 23.5º tilt) Planetary Spheres (Retrograde Motions)

49. Less Time More Time First Quarter Last Quarter Not to Scale

50. Earth Deferent Epicycle

51. Earth Equant Center

52. Saturn Mars Jupiter Sun Mercury Venus Earth Ptolemaic System

53. Mars Jupiter Saturn Earth Venus Mercury Sun Solar System

54. Earth Mars Retrograde Motion

55. Venus Maximum Eastern Elongation 1 AU D Venus 46º

56. F1F1 F2F2 Semimajor Axis Center

57. T=0 d T=10 d T=0 d T=10 d Equal Areas in Equal Times

58. Jan 10 Jan 11 Jan 12 Jan 13 Jan 19 Jan 18 Jan 15 Jan 16

59. Io Europa Ganymede Callisto

60. Ptolemaic System 3 3 4 4 2 2 1 1 5 5 6 6 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 Copernican System

61. Falling Apple: Changing Speed (gets faster as it falls) Same Direction (always falls down)

62. Ball Swung around on a String: Same Speed, (in uniform circular motion) Changing Direction (swinging around the circle)

63. Donut Swung around on a String Force Acceleration

64. Force = (apple’s mass)  (acceleration due to gravity) Equal and Opposite Force from the Table Net Force is Zero, No Net Motion

65. M1M1 M2M2 d M1M1 M2M2 2d M1M1 M2M2 d/2

66. 2M 1 M2M2 d M1M1 M2M2 d 2M 2 d

68. Parabola Hyperbola CircleEllipse Conic Section Curves

69. Parabola v = v E Hyperbola v>v E Ellipse v C <v<v E Circle v = v C Ellipse v<v C

70. Columbus, Ohio 40º N: 1280 km/h Arctic Circle 66.5º N: 666 km/h Equator 1670 km/h

72. 6 hours later Towards Sirius

73. Wavelength ( ) Speed (c) Frequency (f) (# waves/second)

74. d=1 d=2 d=3 B=1 B=1/9 B=1/4

75. Doppler Effect in Sound High Pitch (short waves) Low Pitch (long waves)

76. T=0 s 0 popped 16 unpopped T=35 s 8 popped 8 unpopped Half-Life = 35 sec

77. Hot Gas Faster Average Speeds Cool Gas Slow Average Speeds

78. Spectrum Prism White Light Prisms disperse light into its component colors

79. Continuum Source Continuous Spectrum Absorption-line Spectrum Emission-line Spectrum Cloud of Hydrogen Gas

80. Hydrogen Helium Oxygen Neon Iron

81. Continuum Source Cloud of Hydrogen Gas Lamp Light Absorbed by Hydrogen Atoms in the Cloud Lamp emits light at all energies

82. n=1 (Ground State) n=3 (2 nd excited state) n=2 (1 st excited state) n=4 n=5 Energy Level Diagram of 1 H Continuum n= 

83. n=1 (Ground State) n=3 (2 nd excited state) n=2 (1 st excited state) n=4 n=5 n=3  2626252524242 Larger Jump = More Energy = Bluer Wavelength n=6

84. n=1 (Ground State) n=3 (2 nd excited state) n=2 (1 st excited state) n=4 n=5 Photons of all other energies (wavelengths) are ignored and pass on by unabsorbed. n=2  3262625252424 n=6

85. Spectrum of a Fluorescent Light Mercury

86. Collecting Area Lens Retina

87. Simple Refracting Telescope Objective Lens Secondary Lens (Eyepiece) Focus

88. Primary Mirror Prime Focus Secondary Mirror Cassegrain Focus

89. 238 U 206 Pb 235 U 207 Pb 4.5 Billion Years Ago 238 U 206 Pb 235 U 207 Pb Today 1 half-life6.3 half-lives 50% left 1.2% left

90. Seismic Station Lower Mantle Core Upper Mantle Crust Seismic Station Surface Waves P-waves S waves P & S waves Earthquake!

91. Near Side Far Side Two Faces of the Moon Maria Impact Basin Cratered Highlands

92. A12 A14 A15 A17 A11 A16 L24 L20 L16 Apollo and Luna Landing Sites

93. Mars Earth Venus Mercury Pluto Neptune Uranus Saturn Jupiter

94. Pluto Ecliptic

95. Molecular Hydrogen Metallic Hydrogen “Ice” Rock Jupiter Interior

96. Molecular Hydrogen Metallic Hydrogen “Ice” Rock Saturn Interior

97. Interiors of Uranus & Neptune Uranus Neptune Rocky Cores Slushy “Ice”Mantles Molecular Hydrogen

98. Metallic Hydrogen Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Earth

99. S S P P Star’s spectrum shifts redward Star’s spectrum shifts blueward