1. Earth’s Rotation and Revolution

2. Earth’s Rotation – Causes daily changes
The spinning of earth on its AXIS – the imaginary line through the planet from the North Pole to the South Pole – is its rotation
The axis of the earth is tilted 23.5° from a line perpendicular to the plane of its orbit of the sun.

3. Earth’s Rotation
As the earth revolves around the sun, Earth’s axis remains tilted at 23.5°
The north end of the axis points toward the north star (Polaris)
Earth rotates 360° from west to east (counter clockwise looking down from the north pole) in 24 hours, at an angular rate of l5° per hour (360°/24 hours = 15°/hour)

4. Tilt of the axis always stays the same – 23
Tilt of the axis always stays the same – 23.5° from a line perpendicular to the ecliptic plane

5. 1. Evidence of Earth’s Rotation
1851, Foucault’s pendulum will appear to change in a predictable way.
Why is this evidence? There is no force acting on the pendulum to make its plane of oscillation rotate or go around its own axis
It would continue to swing in the original path if Earth did not rotate.

6. No force that makes pendulum rotate – must be earth that is rotating!!!
Inertia and gravity make it swing straight out and straight down in a straight arc – not twist.

8. 2. Evidence for Rotation
Coriolis Effect – the tendency of objects moving over the earth (air, water, planes, projectiles) to be deflected (curve away) from a straight line path. The French scientist, Gaspard Coriolis, first explained the deflection of objects moving over the surface due to Earth’s rotation
The deflection is to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.
This deflection occurs because Earth’s surface is rotating with respect to the objects.

13. What are the APPARENT MOTIONS of Celestial Objects
An apparent motion is a motion an object appears to make
An apparent motion can be real or an illusion
For example, the stars appear to move across the sky from east to west
However, the apparent motion is caused by Earth’s rotation west to east (counterclockwise)

14. Celestial Sphere: A huge imaginary sphere around the Earth to which the stars appear to be attached.
But in reality the celestial sphere is stationary and the earth is rotating counterclockwise

15. Stars in constellations are often very far from one another but we see them in the same direction in the sky.
Big Dipper

16. Stars appear to be moving from east to west. Stars rising in the east.

17. Looking upward we see the stars fixed on the celestial sphere
Earth’s eastward rotation makes the stars between the equator and north celestial pole appear to move westward
Rise in the east and set in the west.
Timed photography showing stars rising in the east

18. Stars appear to be moving from east to west
Stars appear to be moving from east to west. Rise in the east and set in the west.

19. Northern part of the sky around Polaris
CCW
Moving west to east

21. Daily Motions
Some of the stars near Polaris appear to move in a complete circle in 24 hours.
The paths of all celestial objects moving in the sky are circular or parts of a circle called an arc.
All motion occurs at a constant rate of approximately l5° per hour or 360° in 24 hours.

22. Earth’s counter clockwise rotation makes the stars appear to rotate counter clockwise around the north celestial pole (Polaris).

23. The complete circular path can be seen for stars in the northern part of the sky around Polaris
Circumpolar constellations never set.
Circumpolar constellations change with latitude… sky changes with latitude

24. Earth’s Revolution
Earth revolves around the sun in a slightly eccentric elliptical orbit or path once a year
It takes Earth 365 1/4 days to revolve 360° in its orbit around the sun. It moves approximately 1° per day. (360°/ days = about 1° per day)

25. Evidence of Earth’s Revolution around the Sun
Seasonal Constellations: Because of the Sun’s annual motion, some constellations are visible at night only during certain seasons.
Constellations are visible when the dark side of Earth (away from sun) faces toward the constellation.

26. The 13 constellations the sun appears to travel through during the year
In August, at night, you see Sagittarius and Capricornus

27. Different constellations at different times of the year

28. Apparent Motion of Sun due to Rotation and Revolution
Rotation: Sun – apparent daily path from sunrise to sunset has the shape of an arc moving l5° per hour.
Revolution: However, the sun’s arc changes both its position and its length with the seasons
PROOF OF REVOLUTION – SEASONS

29. Earth’s Revolution around the Sun – the tilt of Earth’s axis does not change producing a cyclical change of seasons

30. Because of the tilt of the Earth’s axis, the sun’s rays are only perpendicular (directly overhead) at noon, between 23.5° N and 23.5° S during the year
June ° N
March/Sept. 21
Dec ° S
Tropic is from the Greek for "turning" describing the Sun's motion at the solstices. Solstice means “sun stops”

32. 90° Perpendicular Rays of the Sun aka the ZENITH POSITION
The noon perpendicular rays of the sun travel southward from the Tropic of Cancer (23.5° N) on June 21 passing the Equator on September 21 and going to the Tropic of Capricorn (23.5° S) where it turns around and starts going back up passing the Equator on March 21and arriving at the Tropic of Cancer again on June 21.

34. Zenith Position of the Sun
Because of the earth’s spherical shape, on any particular date, there is just 1 place where insolation (incoming solar radiation) is at an angle of 90°. All other places are less than 90°.
Does the 90° ever reach the United States?
An observer in New York State will never see the Sun directly overhead.

35. Summer maximum altitude of noon sun is 73. 5°, Winter is 26
Summer maximum altitude of noon sun is 73.5°, Winter is 26.5° Spring/Autumn?
(Sun 90 at = =72.5) ( 90-41= 49) ( = = 25.5)

36. HIGHEST ALTITUDE AT SOLAR NOON AT 40° N

37. Changing Altitude of the Noon Sun
LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

38. HOW DOES THE LOCATION OF SUNRISE AND SUNSET CHANGE DURING THE COURSE OF THE YEAR
NO MATTER WHERE YOU ARE ON THE GLOBE, ON THE EQUINOXES THE SUN WILL ALWAYS RISE DUE EAST AND DUE WEST
WHEN THE SUN TRAVELS NORTH OF THE EQUATOR TO THE TROPIC OF CANCER ON JUNE 21ST (23.5°N), THE SUNRISE AND SUNSET POSITIONS WILL MOVE NORTH OF EAST.
WHEN THE SUN TRAVELS SOUTH OF THE EQUATOR ° TO THE TROPIC OF CAPRICORN ON DECEMBER 21ST (23.5°S), THE SUNRISE AND SUNSET POSITIONS WILL MOVE SOUTH OF EAST

39. The apparent rising and setting of the sun is due to rotation Changes in the altitude of the path and horizon position of sunrise and sunset are due to revolution
Season
Sunrise
Sunset
Summer
North of east
North of west
Equinox
Fall/Spring
Due east
Due West
Winter
South of east
South of west

40. EQUINOXES – DUE EAST

41. SUMMER SOLSTICE NORTH OF EAST

42. WINTER SOLSTICE SOUTH OF EAST

44. “ALASKA MIDNIGHT SUN” NORTHERN HEMISPHERE FROM MARCH 21 UNTIL SEPTEMBER 21 – SUN DOES NOT SET TIMED PHOTOGRAPHY

45. The tilt of the Earth on its axis is also responsible for the day and night length:
What date is it here?
What date is it here?
June 21st
December 21st

49. EQUINOX (MEANS EQUAL NIGHTS)
12 HOURS OF DAYLIGHT AND 12 HOURS OF NIGHT

52. Summary Rotation: Earth rotates l5° per hour in 24 hours.
Revolution: Earth takes days to revolve around the sun moving approximately 1° per day.

53. Kepler’s Three Empirical Laws of Planetary Motion
1. The orbital paths of the planets are elliptical, with the Sun at one focus

54. SHAPE OF ELLIPSES Eccentricity = 0 circle Eccentricity = 0.5
Eccentricity = line

55. TO THE HUMAN EYE, MOST ORBITS OF PLANETS LOOK LIKE CIRCLES
SLIGHTLY ELLIPTICAL SHAPE OF EARTH’S ORBIT CAUSES THE PLANET TO VARY THE DISTANCE TO THE SUN DURING REVOLUTION
147 million kms.
152 million kms.

56. Gravitational Effects of Varying the Distance to the Sun
Gravitation force influenced
by mass and distance
Greater the mass = greater the gravitational attraction
Closer the 2 objects = greater the gravitational attraction
Perihelion = greater gravitational attraction
Aphelion = less gravitational attraction

57. If gravitational attraction varies, velocity will vary
Mass stays the same but distance varies causing gravitational attraction to vary
If gravitational attraction varies, velocity will vary
Perihelion = faster velocity Aphelion = slower velocity

58. Appearance of Sun Changes with Varying Distance

59. Kepler’s Three Empirical Laws of Planetary Motion
2. An imaginary line connecting the Sun to any planet sweeps out equal areas in equal time..
Area 1
Area 2

60. Velocity is NOT CONSTANT
This is the best website for 1st and 2nd laws of Kepler

62. Evidence of Revolution Parallax Shift
Because of Earth’s revolution about the sun, near stars seem to shift their position against the farther stars (closer star – greater the shift)
If you observe the same star while earth is at 2 different points during its orbit around the sun, the star’s position relative to the more distant background stars will appear to change.

65. Parallax Shift