1. Incorporating Quotations

2. The best proof that a work of literature does what you say it does, is textual evidence: words and sentences you can quote from the poem, story, or play you are discussing. If you say that a character in a story is evil, can you quote a passage in which he clearly says or does something evil or a passage in which a reliable character or narrator talks of his evil? The best support you have as you discuss a literary work is the text of the work itself.

3. As you incorporate textual evidence into your discussion through the use of quotations, there are some rules you should keep in mind.

4. Do not overuse quotations
Do not overuse quotations. The style of your writing will be better if you incorporate quoted phrases into your own sentence structure rather than writing a sentence and then quoting a sentence or poetic line.

5. Ineffective: Richard Cory was very polite
Ineffective: Richard Cory was very polite. “He was a gentleman from sole to crown.” Also he was good-looking, even regal-looking --- “clean favored, and imperially slim.” Effective: Richard Cory was polite, “a gentleman from sole to crown.” Like handsome king he was “clean favored, and imperially slim.”

6. Avoid having two quotations in a row
Avoid having two quotations in a row. Your own commentary should bridge the two. Ineffective: Richard Cory had everything going for him. “He was a gentleman from sole to crown.” “And he was rich --- yes, richer than a king.” Effective: Richard Cory had everything going for him. Not only was he a “gentleman from sole to crown,” but he was also “richer than a king.”

7. Longer quotations (more than two lines of verse or four lines of prose) should be set off from your paragraph in display form: single-spaced and centered without quotation marks. Dickenson describes the numbness that comes with the shock of the loss of a loved one: The Nerves sit ceremonious, like Tombs The stiff Heart questions was it he, that bore, And Yesterday, or Centuries before?

8. Separate lines of poetry running within your sentence with a slash (/), and preserve the capitalization of words at the beginning of the line. The speaker notes that the bruised heart of the mourner wonders “was it He, that bore, / And Yesterday, or Centuries before?”

9. Adapt the quotation to conform to the needs of your sentence structure, as long as you do not alter the meaning of the lines. Original lines of poetry He was a gentleman from sole to crown, Clean favored, and imperially slim. Alterations of punctuation and capitalization required by the student’s sentence structure Richard Cory, “clean favored, and imperially slim,” was from head to toe a gentleman.

10. If for clarity or sentence structure, you must alter a quotation, place the alteration in brackets. Original lines With Heaven above and Faith below, I will yet stand firm against the devil. Alterations for clarity and consistency in sentence structure Goodman Brown claims that “with Heaven above and Faith below, [he] will yet stand firm against the devil.” Goodman Brown hoped that “with Heaven above and Faith below, [he would] yet stand firm against the devil.”

11. If you omit material in order to be succinct, mark the omission by three periods (called ellipsis) with a space between each (. . .). Note: There is no need to use these routinely at the beginning and end of your quotations. It is understood that you are lifting passages from a longer work. Montresor tells us that when it came to “painting and gemmary, Fortunato was a quack.”

12. Be sure to name the source of the quotation correctly 1
Be sure to name the source of the quotation correctly 1. In nonnarrative poetry (poetry in which characters do not appear in a plot), it is correct to say “The speaker says” NOT “The poet says.” 2. When quoting passages of narratio, it is correct to say “The narrator says” NOT “The author says.” 3. Identify characters as you quote them In Thomas Hardy’s “Channel Firing,” God answers the people in their graves with “Ha, ha It will be warmer when / I blow the trumpet.”

13. When quoting dialogue between characters in a play, set it off and begin a new line as you quote each character. Place the character’s name in front of his line. Later in the play Hamlet confronts his mother: Hamlet: Now, Mother, what’s the matter Queen: Hamlet, thou hast thy father much offended.

14. When to use quotes Use a quotation to support a major point in your paragraph: In the last act of the play Hamlet accepts his world, and we discover a different man: “There’s a special providence in the fall of a sparrow. If it be now, ‘tis not to come; if it be not to come, it will be now; if it be not now, yet it will come. The readiness is all.”

15. He [Lincoln] took a fatalistic view of a possible assassination, however, when he said, “No use worrying. What is to be must be. If anyone is really determined to kill me, I shall be killed.”

16. Use a quotation to clarify a major point in your paragraph
Use a quotation to clarify a major point in your paragraph. A clue to Auden’s attitude toward the speaker’s values comes in the last two lines of the poem through the connotation of “free” and “happy” and the suggested ambiguity of “absurd” and “wrong.” Was he free? Was he happy? The question is absurd; had anything been wrong, we should certainly have heard.