1. The IUGS has proposed the following definition of metamorphism:The IUGS has proposed the following definition of metamorphism: “Metamorphism is a subsolidus process leading to changes in mineralogy and/or texture (for example grain size) and often in chemical composition in a rock. These changes are due to physical and/or chemical conditions that differ from those normally occurring at the surface of planets and in zones of cementation and diagenesis below this surface. They may coexist with partial melting.” Metamorphism

2. The Limits of Metamorphism Low-temperature limit grades into diagenesis –The boundary is somewhat arbitrary Diagenetic/weathering processes are indistinguishable from metamorphic Metamorphism begins in the range of 100- 150 o C for the more unstable types of protolith Some zeolites are considered diagenetic and others metamorphic – pretty arbitrary

3. The Limits of Metamorphism High-temperature limit grades into melting Over the melting range solids and liquids coexist If we heat a metamorphic rock until it melts, at what point in the melting process does it become “igneous”? Xenoliths, restites, and other enclaves are considered part of the igneous realm because melt is dominant, but the distinction is certainly vague and disputable Migmatites (“mixed rocks”) are gradational

4. Metamorphic Agents and Changes Temperature: typically the most important factor in metamorphism Figure 1-9. Estimated ranges of oceanic and continental steady-state geotherms to a depth of 100 km using upper and lower limits based on heat flows measured near the surface. After Sclater et al. (1980), Earth. Rev. Geophys. Space Sci., 18, 269-311.

5. Metamorphic Agents and Changes Increasing temperature has several effects 1) Promotes recrystallization  increased grain size Larger surface/volume ratio of a mineral  lower stability Increasing temperature eventually overcomes kinetic barriers to recrystallization, and fine aggregates coalesce to larger grains

6. Metamorphic Agents and Changes Increasing temperature has several effects 2) Drive reactions that consume unstable mineral(s) and produces new minerals that are stable under the new conditions 3) Overcomes kinetic barriers that might otherwise preclude the attainment of equilibrium

7. Metamorphic Agents and Changes Pressure –“Normal” gradients may be perturbed in several ways, typically: High T/P geotherms in areas of plutonic activity or rifting Low T/P geotherms in subduction zones

8. Figure 21-1. Metamorphic field gradients (estimated P-T conditions along surface traverses directly up metamorphic grade) for several metamorphic areas. After Turner (1981). Metamorphic Petrology: Mineralogical, Field, and Tectonic Aspects. McGraw- Hill.

9. Metamorphic Agents and Changes Stress is an applied force acting on a rock (over a particular cross-sectional area) Strain is the response of the rock to an applied stress (= yielding or deformation) Deviatoric stress affects the textures and structures, but not the equilibrium mineral assemblage Strain energy may overcome kinetic barriers to reactions

10. Metamorphic Agents and Changes Fluids Evidence for the existence of a metamorphic fluid: –Fluid inclusions –Fluids are required for hydrous or carbonate phases –Volatile-involving reactions occur at temperatures and pressures that require finite fluid pressures

11. The Types of Metamorphism Different approaches to classification 2. Based on setting –Contact Metamorphism Pyrometamorphism –Regional Metamorphism Orogenic Metamorphism Burial Metamorphism Ocean Floor Metamorphism –Hydrothermal Metamorphism –Fault-Zone Metamorphism –Impact or Shock Metamorphism

12. The Progressive Nature of Metamorphism Prograde: increase in metamorphic grade with time as a rock is subjected to gradually more severe conditions –Prograde metamorphism: changes in a rock that accompany increasing metamorphic grade Retrograde: decreasing grade as rock cools and recovers from a metamorphic or igneous event –Retrograde metamorphism: any accompanying changes

13. Types of Protolith Lump the common types of sedimentary and igneous rocks into six chemically based- groups 1. Ultramafic - very high Mg, Fe, Ni, Cr 2. Mafic - high Fe, Mg, and Ca 3. Shales (pelitic) - high Al, K, Si 4. Carbonates- high Ca, Mg, CO 2 5. Quartz - nearly pure SiO 2. 6. Quartzo-feldspathic - high Si, Na, K, Al

14. What happens to our PROTOLITH when acted on by AGENTS OF CHANGE?? Agents of Change  T, P, fluids, stress, strain Metamorphic Reactions!!!! –Solid-solid phase transformation –Solid-solid net-transfer –Dehydration –Hydration –Decarbonation –Carbonation

15. Solid-solid phase transformation Polymorphic reaction  a mineral reacts to form a polymorph of that mineral No transfer of matter, only a rearrangment of the mineral structure Example: –Andalusite  Sillimanite Al 2 SiO 5

16. Solid-solid net-transfer Involve solids only Differ from polymorphic transformations: involve solids of differing composition, and thus material must diffuse from one site to another for the reaction to proceed Examples: NaAlSi 2 O 6 + SiO 2 = NaAlSi 3 O 8 Jd QtzAb MgSiO 3 + CaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 = CaMgSi 2 O 6 + Al 2 SiO 5 EnAn Di And

17. Solid-Solid Net-Transfer II If minerals contain volatiles, the volatiles must be conserved in the reaction so that no fluid phase is generated or consumed For example, the reaction: Mg 3 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2 + 4 MgSiO 3 = Mg 7 Si 8 O 22 (OH) 2 TalcEnstatite Anthophyllite involves hydrous phases, but conserves H 2 O It may therefore be treated as a solid-solid net-transfer reaction

18. Hydration/ Dehydration Reactions Metamorphic reactions involving the expulsion or incorporation of water (H 2 O) Example: –Al 2 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2 Al 2 SiO 5 + 3SiO 2 + H 2 O Pyrophyllite And/Ky Quartz water

19. Carbonation / Decarbonation Reactions Reactions that involve the evolution or consumption of CO 2 CaCO 3 + SiO 2 = CaSiO 3 + CO 2 calcite quartz wollastonite Reactions involving gas phases are also known as volatilization or devoltilization reactions These reactions can also occur with other gases such as CH 4 (methane), H 2, H 2 S, O 2, NH 4 + (ammonia) – but they are not as common

20. Systems Rock made of different minerals Metamorphic agents of change beat on it  metamorphic reactions occur A closed system does not gain or lose material of any kind An open system can lose stuff – liquids, gases especially Hunk o’ rock Outside world

21. Thermodynamics Primer Thermodynamics describes IF a reaction CAN occur at some condition (T, P, composition typically) Second Law of thermodynamics:  G=  H – T  S –Where G, Gibb’s free energy determines IF the REACTION will go forward (-  G=spontaneous) –H is enthalpy – has to do with heat… –S is entropy – has to do with bonds and order…

22. Thermodynamics vs. Kinetics Thermodynamics – comparing the potential ENERGY of things  what is more stable? Will a reaction occur at some T,P, soln, melt composition go or Not? Kinetics  IF thermodynamics says YES, the reaction should occur (always toward lower energy!) kinetics determines how fast Minerals out of equilibrium pass the thermodynamic test but the kinetics of their reaction is very slow…

23. Phase diagrams Tool for ‘seeing’ phase transitions H 2 O ice  H 2 O liquid Reaction (line) governed by  G=  H – T  S Phase Rule: –P+F=C+2 –Phases coexisting + degrees of freedom = number of components + 2 –Degree of freedom  2= either axis can change and the phase stays the same  where??

24. Phase diagrams Let’s think about what happens to water as conditions change… P+F=C+2 Point A? Point B? Point C? A B C

25. Mineral Assemblages in Metamorphic Rocks Equilibrium Mineral Assemblages At equilibrium, the mineralogy (and the composition of each mineral) is determined by T, P, and X Relict minerals or later alteration products are thereby excluded from consideration unless specifically stated

26. The Phase Rule in Metamorphic Systems Phase rule, as applied to systems at equilibrium: F = C - P + 2 the phase rule P is the number of phases in the system C is the number of components: the minimum number of chemical constituents required to specify every phase in the system F is the number of degrees of freedom: the number of independently variable intensive parameters of state (such as temperature, pressure, the composition of each phase, etc.)

27. The Phase Rule in Metamorphic Systems Consider the following three scenarios: C = 1 (Al 2 SiO 5 ) s F = 1 common s F = 2 rare s F = 3 only at the specific P-T conditions of the invariant point (~ 0.37 GPa and 500 o C) Figure 21-9. The P-T phase diagram for the system Al 2 SiO 5 calculated using the program TWQ (Berman, 1988, 1990, 1991). Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.

28. Metamorphic facies P-T conditions, presence of fluids induces different metamorphic mineral assemblages (governed by thermodynamics/ kinetics) These assemblages are lumped into metamorphic facies (or grades)