1. ©2003 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers. The Art of Being Human, 7/e Chapter 13 – Morality PowerPoint by Julie Rodakowski

2. ©2003 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers. THE MORALITY OFSELF-INTEREST

3. ©2003 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers. Can self-interest be moral? Henry David Thoreau Ralph Waldo Emerson Socrates FAMOUS PEOPLE WHO WRESTLED WITH THIS IDEA:

4. ©2003 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers. Can SELF-INTEREST and the TRUTH coexist in such a manner that actions are moral? Many philosophers and persons associated with the humanities believe that self-interest is not always evil, but is sometimes necessary and important to society.

5. ©2003 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers. MACHIAVELLI believed that politically enlightened self-interest was the only possible means to a stable and harmonious society, thus assuring morality. What is ENLIGHTENED SELF- INTEREST, and does it assure a moral existence?

6. ©2003 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers. What role does ECONOMICS play in SELF-INTEREST, and if the two are linked, is morality still a possibility? ADAM SMITH believed that the perfect society was one in which all people were free to pursue self- interest.

7. ©2003 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers. How can one TRANSCEND SELF- INTEREST to assure that one is being moral? A widely admired—and for some, purely theoretical—moral path that transcends self-interest is the path of ALTRUISM, the extreme opposite of self-interest.

8. ©2003 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers. THREEMORALAUTHORITIES

9. Jeremy Bentham: Moral Mathematics He believed in the greatest good for the greatest number. John Stuart Mill: Liberalism The Tyranny of the Majority—the majority can be wrong, and government is needed to balance the irresponsibility on the part of the general population. Immanuel Kant: The Moral Imperative His moral imperative states that the sense of right and wrong is inborn and that this “sense of ought” is an intuitive classification of actions and choices as morally acceptable and unacceptable.

10. ©2003 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers. RELIGION AND MORALITY The major world religions— Hinduism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam—have provided what we might call “moral orientation” for most of the world’s population.

11. ©2003 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers. WORK AND MORALITY The workplace is for many people the means to the good life, but others envision an ideal world of friendship, trust, and security—qualities associated with altruism—that is separate from the adversarial world of working for self- interest.

12. ©2003 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers. MORAL RELATIVISM The belief that right and wrong have no universal meaning but must be defined within a given context. MORAL RELATIVISM is in opposition to MORAL ABSOLUTISM, in which actions are right or wrong, no matter what the situation.