1. International Harmonized Research Activities: Intelligent Transport Systems Transport Canada Y. Ian Noy, Ph.D., P.Eng., CPE Ergonomics Division Road Safety and Motor Vehicle Regulation Directorate Transport Canada 330 Sparks St.., Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0N5 Tel: (613) 998-2268 Fax: (613) 998-4831 NOYI@tc.gc.ca

2. Ergonomics Division, Transport Canada World Forum for Harminization of Vehicle Regulations WP.29 Geveva November 2001 IHRA-ITS Intelligent Transport Systems Reduce congestion Improve safety Increase efficiency Improve comfort Improve transit services Reduce fuel consumption Reduce emissions Automated aids Smart cards Traffic monitoring Traffic management Information databases Image processors Microprocessors Communication links Digital maps Positioning & tracking Transportation objectives

3. Ergonomics Division, Transport Canada World Forum for Harminization of Vehicle Regulations WP.29 Geveva November 2001 IHRA-ITS Levels of Automation  Information  Warning  Driver assistance (active pedal)  Partial control of vehicle functions (steering, stop&go)  Complete control of vehicle (AHS)

4. Ergonomics Division, Transport Canada World Forum for Harminization of Vehicle Regulations WP.29 Geveva November 2001 IHRA-ITS Rationalizing Automation  Each level has unique safety issues  Each level must coexist with other levels  Progression from one level to next is not incremental – it represents a radical change

5. Ergonomics Division, Transport Canada World Forum for Harminization of Vehicle Regulations WP.29 Geveva November 2001 IHRA-ITS Vehicle-based Driver Assistance and Crash Avoidance Systems  Vision enhancement & visual range warning  Intelligent speed adaptation  Adaptive cruise control  Collision warning (e.g., lane departure, rear-end, lane change, intersection)  Fatigue/impairment warning  Pavement monitoring and friction warning  Vehicle Stability Warning and Assistance  Emergency reporting and response  Backing and merging aids

6. Ergonomics Division, Transport Canada World Forum for Harminization of Vehicle Regulations WP.29 Geveva November 2001 IHRA-ITS ITS: Safety Impact Framework Indirect + Direct + Positive - - Negative

7. Ergonomics Division, Transport Canada World Forum for Harminization of Vehicle Regulations WP.29 Geveva November 2001 IHRA-ITS Direct Safety Benefits  Reduction of crash risk through on-board CA systems road-side CA systems tolerance for driver/system errors  Mitigation of crash consequences through improved emergency response Indirect + Direct + Positive - - Negative

8. Ergonomics Division, Transport Canada World Forum for Harminization of Vehicle Regulations WP.29 Geveva November 2001 IHRA-ITS Indirect Safety Benefits  Reduced exposure (optimized routes and trip lengths, and greater choice of mode)  Reduced exposure to unauthorized use (elicense)  Reduced traffic variance and conflicts (through better traffic management and improved interaction between driver and other road users)  Reduced driver stress and fatigue Indirect + Direct + Positive - - Negative

9. Ergonomics Division, Transport Canada World Forum for Harminization of Vehicle Regulations WP.29 Geveva November 2001 IHRA-ITS Direct Safety Risks  Driver distraction  Driver overload  Driver confusion  Reduced situation awareness  Lack of trust/acceptance due to false or nuisance alarms  Increased discomfort, stress  Command effect - Indirect + Direct + Positive - Negative

10. Ergonomics Division, Transport Canada World Forum for Harminization of Vehicle Regulations WP.29 Geveva November 2001 IHRA-ITS Indirect Safety Risks  Behavioural adaptation  Increased travel (pleasurable)  Loss of skill & negative transfer  Violation of expectation (by non-users)  Collision migration (MV to SV, to other users, etc.) Indirect + Direct + Positive - - Negative

11. Ergonomics Division, Transport Canada World Forum for Harminization of Vehicle Regulations WP.29 Geveva November 2001 IHRA-ITS n Safety impact depends largely on the extent to which the system supports users’ needs, and is compatible with human capabilities and limitations Driving Task ITS + + - - Collisions n ITS technology is safety neutral - Its implementation is safety critical ITS Safety, or IS IT?

12. Ergonomics Division, Transport Canada World Forum for Harminization of Vehicle Regulations WP.29 Geveva November 2001 IHRA-ITS Government’s Role  Discourage technologies/implementations that are likely to have an adverse effect on safety  Encourage implementation of technologies that are likely to have safety benefits

13. Ergonomics Division, Transport Canada World Forum for Harminization of Vehicle Regulations WP.29 Geveva November 2001 IHRA-ITS Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV): International Harmonized Research Activities Australia Canada France Germany Hungary Italy Japan the Netherlands Poland Sweden U.K. U.S.A. EC EESV

14. Ergonomics Division, Transport Canada World Forum for Harminization of Vehicle Regulations WP.29 Geveva November 2001 IHRA-ITS ESV: IHRA Working Groups  Intelligent Transport Systems  Advanced Offset Frontal Crash Protection  Pedestrian Safety  Biomechanics  Vehicle Compatibility  Side Impact

15. Ergonomics Division, Transport Canada World Forum for Harminization of Vehicle Regulations WP.29 Geveva November 2001 IHRA-ITS IHRA-ITS : Objectives  to coordinate international policy-oriented research to minimize the potential adverse consequences of on-board ITS technologies.  to develop procedures for the evaluation of safety of in-vehicle information, control and communication systems.  to provide an international view of the state of research into understanding the safety impact of driver workload and distraction.

16. Ergonomics Division, Transport Canada World Forum for Harminization of Vehicle Regulations WP.29 Geveva November 2001 IHRA-ITS Aspects of System Safety 1. System Reliability Reliability of hardware and software, the propensity for malfunction and the potential to go into a dangerous and/or unanticipated safety mode. 2. Human Machine Interaction (HMI) Key issues are function allocation, the design of interface, definition of dialogue between the user and the system. 3. Overall Traffic System The aggregate effect on the traffic system as a whole.

17. Ergonomics Division, Transport Canada World Forum for Harminization of Vehicle Regulations WP.29 Geveva November 2001 IHRA-ITS Scope  includes original and aftermarket on- board information, control and communication systems, including telematics driver assistance systems, and collision warning and avoidance systems

18. Ergonomics Division, Transport Canada World Forum for Harminization of Vehicle Regulations WP.29 Geveva November 2001 IHRA-ITS Summary of Activities  Conceptual Framework  Workshops  Survey of current research  Priority Projects For further information visit http://199.79.179.92/ITS/ITS.html

19. Ergonomics Division, Transport Canada World Forum for Harminization of Vehicle Regulations WP.29 Geveva November 2001 IHRA-ITS Priority Projects 1. Development of a harmonized safety evaluation methodology framework 2. Driver understanding and expectation of ITS systems 3. Human factors principles checklist 4. Normative data on naturalistic driving behavior 5. Simulator reference test scenarios 6. Improved secondary task methodology for evaluating safety effects of driver workload 7. Harmonization and validation of surrogate safety measures

20. Ergonomics Division, Transport Canada World Forum for Harminization of Vehicle Regulations WP.29 Geveva November 2001 IHRA-ITS Importance of ITS Safety Research  Expands ESV’s role into crash avoidance  Elaborates the role of governments with respect to ITS safety  ITS safety is currently unregulated; therefore, there is a reasonable prospect for harmonized policies based on shared scientific understanding of the issues

21. Ergonomics Division, Transport Canada World Forum for Harminization of Vehicle Regulations WP.29 Geveva November 2001 IHRA-ITS Key Challenges for Government  Traditional policy paradigms not suitable: Design cycle shorter than policy cycle Technology is diversifying rapidly Science lags technology  Integration by consumer, not industry  Jurisdictional boundaries no longer valid

22. Ergonomics Division, Transport Canada World Forum for Harminization of Vehicle Regulations WP.29 Geveva November 2001 IHRA-ITS IHRA-WP.29 Liaison  IHRA research focus Summarize state of knowledge Coordinate joint research Develop test procedures  WP.29 to identify regulatory needs and priorities. IHRA to coordinate the regulatory development research to support WP.29 work program

23. Ergonomics Division, Transport Canada World Forum for Harminization of Vehicle Regulations WP.29 Geveva November 2001 IHRA-ITS Recommendations vis WP.29  coordinate with WP.1 and WP.15 on ITS-related matters (ISA)  Develop strategy for global regulation development for on-board ITS ST – coordinate among existing GR’s, lead? LT – create new GR  utilize IHRA-ITS WG as Informal Group for ITS-related matters

24. Ergonomics Division, Transport Canada World Forum for Harminization of Vehicle Regulations WP.29 Geveva November 2001 IHRA-ITS Possible Short Term Plan  GRRF – Collision avoidance, driver assistance (ACC, ESP), ISA  GRE/GRRF?– Reliability (Annex 18)  GRE/GRSG? – Collision and drowsiness warning, vision enhancement, maneuvering aids  GRSG – Telematics, navigation  GRSP – Collision mitigation?