1. Types of Government and Economic Ideologies
US Government

2. Types of Government Countries can have a variety of political systems.
They include:
Direct Democracy
Representative Government
Monarchy
Autocracy (Dictatorship)
Oligarchy

3. Government Main job is to: 1. Maintain social order
2. Provide public services
3. National security and common defense
4. Support and create an economic system
What is the single fundamental purpose of a government?
Serve the public good and well being of society

4. Direct Democracy Sometimes called “pure democracy”
People gathered to vote on laws in ancient Athens and Rome.
Very difficult to do in large numbers. People may not know much about the issues they vote on.
States and towns in the U.S. use ballot questions to get the public’s vote on important issues.

5. Principles necessary for a democracy to exist (according to Robert Dahl)…..
Equality in voting…(Your vote is no more important than mine)
Effective Participation (adequate and equal opportunity)
Enlightened understanding (Free market for speech, press, ideas, etc)
Citizen Control of policy agenda
Inclusion: extend rights

6. Can uneducated/poor people be trusted?
Direct Democracy – citizens create/vote on laws
Problems
1. Impractical for reasons of time, expertise
How do you get 300 million people to vote multiple times per day on issues they no nothing about?
2. Masses of people make unwise decisions based on emotions (Hitler was elected)
“The masses are turbulent and changing and seldom judge or determine right.” -Alexander Hamilton

7. Representative Democracy (Republic)
Citizens elect representatives
Gov’t MEDIATES popular views
“Will of the people” ≠ “Common interest”
EX. Lower gas prices, minority rights
Reps are educated on issues at hand
Prevents fast, sweeping change
Minority rights more likely to be protected

8. Types of Democracy Parliamentary Democracy elected Parliament
Parliament: an elected group of people that makes laws; often, power is shared among several political parties
Parliamentary Republic
Parliament: an elected group of people that makes laws; has an elected president/leader
Parliamentary Monarchy
Parliament: an elected group of people that makes laws; has a monarch as a leader with no real power.

9. Representative Government
Often called a “republic.”
The people elect representatives to make the laws.
Citizens must pay attention to vote smartly, but do not need to be experts on every law.
Examples are U.S, Canada, Mexico, United Kingdom
U.S. House of Representatives

10. Federal Republic A country that has no monarch
The head of the country is usually an elected president.
Citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf
Shares power with national and local authorities.

11. Democracy vs. Republic
What is the difference between a democracy and a republic?

12. Democracy vs. Republic
Democracy: the people directly vote for what they want.
Republic: the people vote for representatives to make laws on their behalf.
Is the United States a democracy or republic? Why?

13. Jordan’s King Abdullah
Monarchy
Ruler inherits the throne by birth.
Citizens do not have a right to decide laws.
Fewer monarchies in the last 100 years. Jordan, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia are examples.
Others, such as United Kingdom, Norway, Sweden, and Japan, are now democracies with monarch as ceremonial leader.
Jordan’s King Abdullah

14. Autocracy: (Dictatorship)
One person or one party holds total power to govern.
Citizens have few rights and don’t make decisions.
Dictators sometimes call themselves “president” and hold elections, but it is just for show because no one else is allowed to run.
Examples: Cuba, North Korea, Libya, Egypt
Iraq’s Former Dictator Saddam Hussein

15. How do dictators keep power?
Dictators can use their armies to arrest or attack protesters.
Dictators often promise a better life, especially for the poor.
Many countries have never had democracy, so they are used to having dictators.
Some dictators get support from other countries, such as Soviet Union’s support for Fidel Castro in Cuba.
Fidel Castro of Cuba

16. Government
What is the main responsibility of a government?

17. Oligarchy (Most Popular)
A form of government where a few wealthy, powerful males rule.
Many times this government is found in a communist nation where a group of militant men make decisions.
Countries that are considered an oligarchy are: China, Cuba, and Venezuela

18. Totalitarian country with only one political party
People are forced to do what the government tells them and may also be prevented from leaving the country.

19. Monarchy oldest form of government
leader is determined through family lines
leader is in this position for life
Often, a monarchy will include a dynasty, a powerful group or family that maintains its power and position over many generations

20. Combination Governments: Democracy + Monarchy
Constitutional Monarchy……similar to Parliamentary Democracy
monarch as head of state--one who represents the people as a traditional symbol of the country AND
elected officials as head of government--those who make laws and official decisions for the country

21. Theocracy Life is based on God and religious beliefs
Nature is at the center of many decisions and beliefs.

22. Anarchy
No government system
Civil War and constant unrest

23. Review of Forms of Government

24. Do You Know Your Forms of Government?
MINI-QUIZ
Do You Know Your Forms of Government?

25. A or B?
1. One person is in charge. A B 
Autocracy
Democracy

26. A or B?
2. Citizens often have no rights. A B
Democracy 
Dictatorship

27.  A or B? A B 3. Can exist with other forms of government.
Dictatorship 
Theocracy

28. A or B?
4. Led by a king or queen. A B 
Monarchy
Oligarchy

29. A or B?
5. Nobody is in charge. A B
Monarchy 
Anarchy

30. A or B?
6. Those in charge are military members who took over by force. A B 
Junta
Democracy

31. A or B?
7. Leader often shares power with other parts of government. A B 
Monarchy
Dictatorship

32. A or B?
8. Democracy where citizens elect others to serve in government. A B
Direct
Representative 

33.  A or B? A B 9. Citizens vote to elect their leaders. Democracy
Autocracy

34. A or B?
10. A small group rules the country. A B 
Oligarchy
Democracy

35.  A or B? A B 11. People do not answer to any leader or government.
Oligarchy 
Anarchy

36.  A or B? A B 12. God and religious law are the government authority.
Oligarchy 
Theocracy

37. Identify That Government!
ACTIVITY A
Identify That Government!

38. representative democracy
SWITZERLAND
Citizens elect representatives to sit in two different lawmaking assemblies. But citizens also vote several times a year to decide on laws. Citizens can vote to propose their own laws or undo laws passed by their representatives. All citizens may vote directly on these laws.
Forms of Government:
_________________________________
and
representative democracy
direct democracy

39. representative democracy
SOUTH AFRICA
From , official policy in South Africa gave white people all the political power. Even though the majority of South Africans were black, non-whites could not influence government. White South Africans elected representatives to sit in a lawmaking body.
Forms of Government:
_________________________________
and
oligarchy
representative democracy

40. NORTH KOREA
One man leads North Korea and controls its government. He also controls its ruling political party. The ruling party chooses candidates for an Assembly, and citizens vote. The candidates do not have opponents, so citizens have no choices.
Form of Government:
_________________________________
dictatorship

41. SAUDI ARABIA
Saudi Arabia is led by a king. The king appoints a Council of Ministers to help govern, but there are no elections. Saudi Arabia’s Basic Law states that the country’s constitution is the Islamic holy book the Qur’an and other religious traditions.
Forms of Government:
_________________________________
and
monarchy
theocracy

42. representative democracy
DENMARK
The people of Denmark elect representatives to sit in Parliament, a lawmaking body. The Queen of Denmark heads the country, but she only has a small role in government. The government is led by a Prime Minister, who is appointed from among the elected representatives.
Forms of Government:
_________________________________
and
monarchy
representative democracy

43. representative democracy
BRAZIL
Brazil is led by a president who is elected by the citizens. Citizens in Brazil elect a new president every four years. Citizens also elect representatives to serve in two different legislative bodies.
Form of Government:
_________________________________
representative democracy

44. ACTIVITY B
True or False?

45. True or False?         Denmark / Saudi Arabia Switzerland
1. A monarchy can be like a dictatorship or it can be part of a democracy.
m True
m False
Example or Reason:
2. A dictatorship can also be a democracy.
3. A democracy can have both representative and direct characteristics at the same time.
4. An oligarchy can include representative democracy.
5. A government can be both a monarchy and an anarchy at the same time.
6. Theocracy can co-exist with monarchy.
7. Theocracy can co-exist with democracy.
8. An oligarchy can be like a dictatorship.
Denmark / Saudi Arabia 
Citizens get no say in a dictatorship 
Switzerland 
In South Africa, some got to vote 
Monarchy and anarchy are opposites! 
Saudi Arabia 
In Iran, citizens vote 
Under a junta, citizens often have few rights

46. Part C
Types of Economics

47. What is economics?
The study of how goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumed.
The people who make goods or services are called “producers.”
The people who buy goods or services are called “consumers.”

48. Three Economic Systems
Mixed
Socialism
(Highly Controlled)
(Little Control)
Communism
Capitalism

49. New York Stock Exchange
Capitalism
Sometimes called “market economy.” Ex. U.S.A.
People own companies and decide what to produce to make consumers happy.
Business owners can earn big profits or can lose their money if a business fails.
Some businesses sell stock to get more capital to invest.
New York Stock Exchange

50. Understanding Free Markets or Capitalism
CAPITALISM is an economic system in which all or most of the means of production and distribution are privately owned and operated for profit. No country is purely capitalist, but the FOUNDATION OF THE U.S. IS CAPITALISM.
Capitalism is the foundation for the economics of England, Canada, Australia, and most developed nations.

51. Free-Market/Capitalism
In a free-market system, decisions about what to produce and in what quantities are made by THE MARKET (not the government). Therefore, Consumers send signals to producers about what to make, how many, and so on through their buying behavior. .

52. How Free Markets Work
People under free-market capitalism have four basic rights:
Private Property - individuals can buy, sell, own property and pass it on.
Profit/Ownership - right keep profits.
Freedom of Competition - right to compete within government guidelines.
Freedom of Choice - people can choose where they live, work and what they do

53. Limits of Free-Markets
Inequality of Wealth- Causes National & World Tension
Greed Compromises Ethics
Potential Environmental Damage
Limitations Push Country towards Socialism = Government Regulation

54. Command Economy
The government makes economic decisions about what should be produced, how much it should cost.
Two types of command economies are socialism and communism.
Workers arrive at a factory in the old Soviet Union in 1929.

55. Venezuela’s President Hugo Chavez
Command Economies
In socialism, the government runs some industries, such as oil, and uses profits to pay for health care, education. Ex. Venezuela
In communism, the government runs all industries, owns all property, sets wages, and prices, and people must do as they are told. Ex. North Korea
Venezuela’s President Hugo Chavez

56. Socialism – is an economic system based on the premise that basic industries should be owned or controlled by the gov’t. so that resources my be more evenly distributed. Example: Denmark & Netherlands.
Private & Public Ownership
Some Choices are Limited
Creates Social Equality
Reduces Individual Incentive- Brain Drain

57. Industrialized Nations’ Tax Rate
Source: Parade Magazine, Apr. 12, 1998.

58. Communism – is an economic and political system in which the Government makes almost all economic decision and owns all the factors of production. Example: North Korea & Cuba. Problem: Gov’t has no way to know what to produce because prices don’t reflect supply/demand!
State or Gov’t ownership of factors of production.
Central Planning/Controlled Economy
Managers = Mandatory Party Membership

59. Communism vs. Capitalism
Capitalists say that people have no reason to do a good job in communism because everyone gets the same pay. Products are boring and poorly made.
Communists say that capitalism is unfair to the poor because people at the top of the company get rich while workers get low wages. They also say capitalists wipe out little companies and destroy the environment to get money.

60. Communism vs. Capitalism
The Cold War from between U.S. and Soviet Union was based on getting nations to line up on the communist side or capitalist side.
Today Russia allows some capitalism.
Communist China also allows some capitalism.
Factory workers in China

61. Putting Politics & Economics Together
Communist countries have been dictatorships in which leaders have tried to control all aspects of the country.
But not all dictators are Communists. Some want capitalist companies to come in and create jobs Ex. Batista in Cuba before Castro.
Democracies are sometimes capitalist and sometimes socialist. Voters may elect a leader who promises to help the poor through socialism. Or voters may prefer capitalism as a way to create more jobs.