1. Medieval Europe The 13th Century

2. Overview  1202: pope Innocent III claims extensive papal power  1204: Constantinople looted by Crusaders  Fourth Crusade  1209: Francis of Assisi founds the Franciscan religious order  1212: Iberian Muslims crushed in Spanish Crusade  1215:  English king John seals the Magna Carta  Fourth Lateran Council meets in Rome  1217: Dominic’s order of wandering preachers, the Friars Preacher (aka “Dominicans”) given papal recognition

3. Overview (cont.)  1227: Ulrich von Lichtenstein’s Venusfahrt  1241: beginning of the Hanseatic League  1250: death of Frederick II of Hohenstaufen  Stupor Mundi  1255: the Church approved use of torture in the hunt for heretics  c. 1280: Marco Polo at the Great Khan’s court  c. 1290: the invention of spectacles  in Italy

4. Pope Innocent III  R. 1198-1216  The most powerful of the medieval popes  well educated in both canon law and theology  the dominant figure in Europe during his papacy

5. Francis of Assisi  1182-1226  Founder of the Franciscan Order and one of the most honored saints of the Catholic faith  Below: trying to convert the Egyptian sultan

6. St. Francis (cont.)  The patron saint of ecology

7. The Franciscans  The order was founded in 1209 by St. Francis  Poverty and the Regula primitiva  “primitive rule”  c. 1300: violent disputes between the Spirituals and the Conventuals

8. St. Dominic  1170-1221  Founder of the Order of Friars Preachers  the “Dominicans”  express purpose: to preach against and otherwise combat heresy  right: Dominic oversees the burning of unacceptable books

9. Dominican friars  Like the Franciscans, they sought to challenge the wealth and laxity of the older monastic orders

10. The Courtly Lover  Below: the remarkable Ulrich von Lichtenstein

11. Stupor Mundi  Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen  1194-1250  De arte venandi cum avibus

12. The great dispute  Right: a representation of God with the pope and the emperor  Whose authority is hereby greatest?