1. The Rise of European Empires and States (1000–1300)
Chapter 7
The High Middle Ages:
The Rise of European Empires and States (1000–1300)
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2. In medieval Europe, the traditional geocentric or earth-centered universe was usually depicted by concentric circles. In this popular German work on natural history, medicine, and science, Konrad von Megenberg (1309–1374) depicted the universe in a most unusual but effective manner. The seven known planets are contained within straight horizontal bands that separate the earth, below, from heaven, populated by the saints, above.
Konrad von Megenberg. Buch der Natur (Book of Nature). Augsburg: Johannes BŠmler, Rosenwald Collection, Rare Book and Special Collections Division.
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3. Holy Roman Empire: Otto I
Saxon king Henry I, “the Fowler” (r. 918–936)—first non-Frankish king of Germany; rebuilt royal power
Otto I, “the Great”
Invaded Italy, 951
Defeated Hungarians at Lechfeld, 955—defined boundaries of Western Europe
Enlisted church support (co-opted church power); shifted focus to Italy
Crowned HRE by Pope John XII, 962
Secured requirement for pope to swear allegiance to emperor
Successors: Otto II (r. 973–983), Otto III (r. 983–1002)
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4. Catholic Church: Cluny Reforms
Cluny monastery, east central France, est. 910—birthplace of reform movement
Rejected subservience of clergy to secular authorities; pope sole ruler (separation of church & state)
Denounced concubinage among local clergy
Grew to almost 1,500 cloisters
Other Cluny-inspired reforms, 11th c.:
Formal bans on simony (selling church offices) and clerical marriage
Cluniacs rise in Rome
“Reform popes” begin to assert independence from emperors
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5. The consecration of the Abbey of Cluny by Pope Urban II from a twelfth-century manuscript.
Bibliotheque Nationale Paris/Picture Desk, Inc./Kobal Collection
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6. Investiture Controversy
Lay investiture: appointment of church officials by secular rulers—regarded by reformists as worst form of simony
Pope Gregory VII (r. 1073–1085)—fierce reformist; banned lay investiture under penalty of excommunication; shock to royal authority
Emperor Henry IV sees direct challenge; nobles see advantage
Henry orders loyal bishops to declare independence from pope; pope excommunicates Henry, humiliates him (Canossa), 1077—height of papal power
Henry regroups & exiles Gregory, 1084
Concordat of Worms, 1122—resolved investiture controversy; Henry V renounces investiture power
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7. Crusades Were to laity as Cluny reforms were to clergy: index of piety
Also functioned as outlet for warlike young nobles
Third motivation: greed for land & wealth
First Crusade, 1095–1099
Three great armies defeat Muslims, conquer Jerusalem
Conquered territory divided into feudal states of Jerusalem, Edessa, & Antioch
Held lands for 40–80 years, warriors becoming traders & businessmen
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8. Map 7–1 THE EARLY CRUSADES Routes and several leaders of the Crusades during the first century of the movement are shown. The names on this map do not exhaust the list of great nobles who went on the First Crusade. The even showier array of monarchs of the Second and Third Crusades still left the Crusades, on balance, ineffective in achieving their goals.
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9. Crusades (cont.)
Second Crusade, 1147–1149—failed attempt to rescue Edessa after Muslim reconquest
Jerusalem falls to Saladin, 1187
Third Crusade, 1189–1192—another failed rescue attempt
Results, first three crusades: political/religious failure; safety valve for warmaking; good for trade with East
Fourth Crusade, 1202–1204—commercial venture controlled by Venetians; Constantinople captured, held till 1261
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10. European Embrace of a Black Saint St
European Embrace of a Black Saint St. Maurice, patron saint of Magdeburg, Germany, was a third-century Egyptian Christian, who commanded the Egyptian legion of the Roman army in Gaul. In 286 C.E. he and his soldiers were executed for impiety after refusing to worship the Roman gods. Maurice’s cult began in 515, and he became a favorite saint of Charlemagne and other pious, warring German kings. Portrayed as a white man for centuries, St. Maurice first appeared as a black man in the mid-thirteenth century. In the era of the Crusades, rulers had their eyes on new possessions in the Orient, and an Eastern-looking patron saint (Maurice) seemed the perfect talisman as Western merchants and armies ventured forth to trade and conquer. At this time, artists also began to paint as a black man one of the three Magi who visited baby Jesus on his birthday. The name Maurice was close to the German word for black dye (“Mauro”) and later Moors (“Mohren”). Progressively, the third-century saint was transformed into a black African. By the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, his head adorned the coats-of-arms of leading Nuremberg families who traded in the Near East, among them the Tuchers, Nuremberg’s great cloth merchants, and Albrecht Dürer, Germany’s most famous Renaissance artist.
Constantin Beyer
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11. Crusaders sail towards the Holy Land, from a twelfth-century gilded silver and enamel panel from the Pala d'Oro in the Basilica of St. Mark, Venice. The city-state of Venice, with its dominance of eastern Mediterranean shipping, profited enormously from the Crusades.
Picture Desk, Inc./Kobal Collection
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12. Krak des Chavaliers served as the headquarters of the Knights of St
Krak des Chavaliers served as the headquarters of the Knights of St. John (Hospitallers) during the Crusades. This fortress is among the most notable surviving examples of medieval military architecture.
Dorling Kindersley Media Library/Alistar Duncan © Dorling Kindersley
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13. Pope Innocent III (r. 1198–1216)
“Papal monarchy”: made papacy great secular power, with financial resources & bureaucracy of a large state; penchant for power politics
Increased church taxes on laity & clergy
Turned Crusades inward: crushing of Albigensian heresy, establishment of papal Inquisition to root out heresy
Fourth Lateran Council, 1215: formalized church discipline; doctrine of transubstantiation officially sanctioned; required annual confession of laity; formalized sacrament of penance
New monastic orders: Franciscans & Dominicans—mendicant rather than cloistered, including Thomas Aquinas
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14. Dominicans (top), and Franciscans (bottom)
Dominicans (top), and Franciscans (bottom). Unlike the other religious orders, the Dominicans and Franciscans did not live in cloisters, but wandered about preaching and combating heresy. They depended for support on their own labor and the kindness of the laity.
Cliché Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris
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15. England: William the Conqueror (r. 1066–1087)
Death of childless Edward the Confessor
Battle of Hastings, 1066: establishes William, duke of Normandy, as king
Brought all of England under royal control; established strong monarchy while maintaining Anglo-Saxon tradition of “parleying” with nobles
Domesday Book: county-by-county land survey
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16. The Battle of Hastings. Detail of the Bayeux Tapestry. C. 1073–83
The Battle of Hastings. Detail of the Bayeux Tapestry. C. 1073–83. Wool embroidery on linen, height 20″ (50.7 cm).
Centre Guillaume Le Conquerant. Detail of the Bayeux Tapestry-XIth century. By special permission of the City of Bayeux
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17. England (cont.)
Henry II (r. 1154–1189)—William’s grandson, first monarch of Plantagenet dynasty; through father & wife (Eleanor of Aquitaine), brought most of west coast of France to the throne; gains in Scotland & Ireland
Constitutions of Clarendon, 1164—Henry’s subordination of English church
Richard I, the Lion-Hearted (r. 1189–1199)
John (r. 1199–1216): nobles rebel against high taxes & force him to sign Magna Carta (“Great Charter”), securing noble rights against monarchy—balance
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18. A depiction of the murder of Saint Thomas à Becket in Canterbury Cathedral. From the Playfair Book of Hours.
The Murder of Saint Thomas Beckett. Playfair Book of Hours. Ms. L. 475–1918, fol French (Rouen), late 15th c. (CT9892). Victoria and Albert Museum, London, Great Britain/Art Resource, NY
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19. A thirteenth-century stained glass window depicts pilgrims traveling to Canterbury Cathedral.
© Archivo Iconografico, S.A./CORBIS
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20. France: Philip II Augustus (r. 1180–1223)
Carolingian dynasty replaced by Capetian, late 10th c.
Duke of Normany (English king William I) technically vassal of French king
Philip II: successful in facing down both internal (noble) & external (English) threats
Moves against English holdings in France, occupying all but Aquitaine
HRE sides with England, leading to “first great European battle”: France vs. Anglo-Flemish-German army at Bouvines, Flanders, 1214
French victory galvanizes France around monarchy
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21. France: Louis IX (r. 1226–1270)
High moral character; inherited secure throne
Domestic reforms:
Institutes order & fair play in local government
Abolished private wars & serfdom in royal domain
Gave subjects right of appeal to higher courts
Made tax system fairer
Acquired greater moral authority than pope; made European examples of French society & culture
Zealous Christian: sponsored French Inquisition, led two French Crusades
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22. Hohenstaufen Empire (1152–1272)
Holy Roman Empire: Germany, Burgundy, northern Italy
England & France developed stable central governments, HRE remained fragmented until 19th c.—partly due to imperial preoccupation with Italy
Hohenstaufen dynasty: reestablished imperial authority & revived bitter contest with popes
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23. Map 7–2 GERMANY AND ITALY IN THE MIDDLE AGES Medieval Germany and Italy were divided lands. The Holy Roman Empire (Germany) embraced hundreds of independent territories that the emperor ruled only in name. The papacy controlled the Rome area and tried to enforce its will on Romagna. Under the Hohenstaufens (mid-twelfth to mid-thirteenth century), internal German divisions and papal conflict reached new heights; German rulers sought to extend their power to southern Italy and Sicily.
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24. Hohenstaufen Emperors
Frederick I Barbarossa (r. 1152–1190)—back & forth in Italy
Maintained empire by invoking feudal bonds
Won a papal coronation on his terms
Challenged Pope Alexander III, eventually losing
Peace of Constance forced Frederick to abandon imperial plans
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25. Henry VI and the Sicilian Connection
Henry VI (r. 1190–1197)
Married the heiress to Sicily, whose defense would tempt Hohenstaufen kings for generations
Marriage riled papacy
Agitated for hereditary succession for his son
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26. Otto IV and the Welf Interregnum
Otto IV (r. 1198–1214) Welf
Challenged Frederick II, son of Henry, for control of kingdom
Crowned emperor by Pope Innocent III
Excommunicated by pope for attacking Sicily
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27. Frederick II Frederick II (1215–1250)
Crowned with support of French, Germans, and papacy
Gave away imperial power through concessions to German princes, ensuring German disunity into the future
After Frederick, princes controlled election of King, which they eventually disposed of completely
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28. Ekkehard and Uta, ca. 1240–50. This famous noble pair founded Naumburg Cathedral in Germany in the middle of the thirteenth century and are exemplary studies of medieval nobility.
© Achim Bednarz, Koln
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29. Romanesque and Gothic Architecture
High Middle Ages was the peak of Romanesque Art
Romanesque art imitated the classical style of ancient Rome,
Gothic implies barbaric
Notable for its ribbed, crisscrossed ceilings, pointed arches, and tall buildings
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30. Choir (c. 1060–1075) and nave (1095–1115), St
Choir (c. 1060–1075) and nave (1095–1115), St.-Savin-sur-Gartempe, France.
Corbis/Bettmann
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31. Salisbury Cathedral, England.
© Christopher Cormack/CORBIS
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