1. Define the word ‘reform’
Do Now
Define the word ‘reform’

2. Lesson Objective
SWBAT identify corrupt practices and key events that weakened the Catholic Church

3. History Alive! Read Complete 31.1 “The Reformation Begins” (Pg. 347)
31.2 “The Weakening of the Catholic Church” (Pg )
Complete
Preview 31 (Pg. 213) – Chart comparing classroom activity with its historical connection

4. The Protestant Reformation 4

5. Special Thanks to Ms. Stewart
For sharing this PowerPoint

6. Do Now
Look at the image on p.347 and respond to the following questions:
What do you see?
What is the name of the religion at the beginning of the road?
What might the cracks in the road represent?
What happens at the fork in the road?
What might have caused some Europeans to break away from the Catholic Church?

7. Unit Objectives
To understand the causes of the split in Western Christianity
To understand the underlying differences between Catholicism and Protestantism
To understand the results and relevance of the Protestant Reformation on Western society 7

8. Lesson Objective SWBAT explain the theological, political,
and economic differences that emerged,
including the views and actions of
Martin Luther and John Calvin

9. Holy Roman Empire in 1500 Located in modern day Germany
Not a united nation but a patchwork of independent states
Each State had its own Prince
The Ruler of the Holy Roman Empire was Charles V (Catholic) 9

10. The Catholic Church in 1500
The Catholic Church was the most powerful institution in Europe
Held the monopoly on information and education and owned a great deal of property
People resented the wealth of the Church
The Church and Clergy did not pay taxes
The Church was corrupt! 10

11. The Catholic Church Headquarters = Rome
Power of the Pope:
Head of the Catholic Church
Occupies God’s position on earth (above any earthly power)
Infallible 11

12. What Catholics Believe
The Seven Sacraments:
Baptism
Eucharist (mass/communion)
Confirmation
Confession
Anointing of the Sick – Last rites
Holy Orders – men to become priests
Marriage

13. Height of Papal Corruption
Who?
Pope Leo X
What did he do?
Depleted Papal coffers
Money needed for
St. Peter’s reconstruction
Solution:
Sale of Church offices
Sale of indulgences
Pope Leo X with cardinals Giulio de' Medici and Luigi de' Rossi by Raphael

14. Prior to the Reformation all Christians were Roman Catholic
The Reformation was an attempt to REFORM the Catholic Church
Martin Luther and others wanted to get rid of the corruption and restore people’s faith in the church, not start a separate church

15. Martin Luther 1483-1546 Born in 1483 in Eisleben, Germany
Became a monk in 1505
Moved to Wittenberg, Germany in 1511
Troubled by the sale of indulgences
Luther came to the decision to be a monk when he traveled one night during a lightning storm. He was so frightened that he made a vow that if he survived the storm, he would enter a monastery. His decision to become a monk was a disappointment to his father. 15

16. Luther’s Issues with the Catholic Church
Luther had two major problems with the Catholic Church:
Indulgences
Justification
Luther believed that the Bible was the ultimate authority - not the pope or clergy
Of the seven sacraments only Baptism and Holy Communion were found in the Bible
He also came to believe in justification through faith alone not faith and good works
Indulgences:
Indulgences are ways to get out of punishment in Purgatory. In the Catholic Church, even after going to the priest for absolution at confession, people enter Purgatory after they die. Purgatory is neither Heaven nor Hell, but a place of temporary punishment where souls go before entering Heaven. Indulgences were suppose to shorten that time in Purgatory by prayers or good works. However, by 1500, indulgences were abused and turned into cash donations to the Church. Rich people gave lots of money for forgiveness of past and future sins. Basically, indulgences became a fundraising activity for the Catholic Church. John Tetzel, a notorious priest who offered
Indulgences had a slogan: “As soon as a coin in the coffer rings, a soul from Purgatory springs.”
Justification:
The Catholic Church believes that in order to be saved, i.e., go to Heaven, a person had to do good works, go through the seven sacraments, etc. However, Luther came to the conclusion that because God is perfect, nothing we do can ever be good enough for God. So, instead, he came to the conclusion that it was not by good works that we earn God’s favor, but by believing and trusting in God.
Communion: Transubstantiation vs. Consubstantiation
The Catholic Church believes that during communion, which recreates the Last Supper, the bread and wine become the body and blood of Jesus Christ, made possible by the priest.
Protestants believe in consubstantiation, that Jesus is present during communion, but the bread and wine are only symbolic of the Last Supper. 16

17. What was an Indulgence? A Papal pardon for sins
A lessening of the time a soul would have to spend in purgatory
Purgatory = a place where souls too impure to enter heaven atoned for sins committed during their lifetime
According to Luther, indulgences had no basis in the Bible and the Pope had no authority to release souls from purgatory

18. Martin Luther’s Actions
Luther posted his 95 Theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg, Germany on October 31, 1517
His intent was to reform the Catholic Church, not create a separate one

19. How Did Word Spread So Quickly?
Gutenberg’s Printing Press made it possible for Luther to spread his beliefs
Copy of Luther’s 95 Theses from Gutenberg's Press

20. Reaction To Luther
Gained support from people (including the princes in the HRE)
Gained criticism from Church
Millions converted

21. Luther’s Showdown with the Church
Pope Leo X issued a Papal Bull of Excommunication
Papal Bull = Official document issued by the Pope
Luther was ordered to recant (take back) his teachings
Luther burned the Papal Bull
Excommunicated!
This behavior caused a conclusive and irrevocable break with Rome 21

22. The Diet of Worms - April 1521
Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, summoned Luther to a diet in the city of Worms
Diet = assembly or meeting of German princes
Luther was asked again to recant – he still refused
Charles V issued the Edict of Worms
Luther at the Diet of Worms
By Anton von Werner

23. Edict of Worms Declared Luther an outlaw
It was a crime to give Luther shelter or food
Frederick the Wise, Elector of Saxony hid Luther in his castle
Spent his time translating the New Testament into German (Vernacular!)
This spread his beliefs even further
Greatly contributed to the development of the written German language

24. A New Name Lutherans started using the name “Protestant”
for those who protested papal authority

25. The Peace of Augsburg 1555
The Protestant Reformation divided Germany politically
Princes in Germany converted to Protestantism, ending authority of the Pope in their states
Charles V, the Emperor of the HRE tried to force Princes to accept Catholicism again, with little success
The Peace of Augsburg:
Recognized Lutheranism as a legal religion
A Prince could decide if his realm was to be Lutheran of Catholic

26. Reformation in France: John Calvin-Calvinist Tradition
Literal interpretation of the Bible
Predestination
Faith revealed by living
a righteous life
Expansion of the
Protestant Movement

27. Predestination Calvin set forth the idea of Predestination
God decided at the beginning of time who would go to heaven after death and who would not
Calvin set up a theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland
Theocracy = government run by church leaders

28. Do Now
List two of Martin Luther’s beliefs (that contradicted what the Catholic Church said)
Define ‘indulgence’
Define ‘predestination’

29. Lesson Objective SWBAT explain the theological, political,
and economic differences that emerged,
including the views and actions of
Henry VIII and Elizabeth I

30. Reformation in England Henry VIII: The Anglican Tradition
Henry VIII – King of England
Roman Catholic
Opposed Luther’s beliefs
Named ‘Defender of the Faith’ by Pope Leo X
Reformer due to circumstance not personal beliefs

31. Henry VIII Needs a Divorce!
Catholic Church does not permit divorce
Marriage to Catherine of Aragon did not produce male heir only a girl - Mary Tudor
Henry needed a male to preserve his throne
Henry asked the Pope for an annulment so he could marry someone who could give him a male heir
The Pope denied his request
Henry created the Church of England and established his own supremacy over it

32. Act of Supremacy - 1534 Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy
Made Henry “the only supreme head on Earth of the Church of England”
Many refused to accept Henry as the head of the church and were executed for treason
Sir Thomas More was one of them!

33. Another Girl for Henry
Henry divorced Catherine and promptly married Anne Boleyn – there was actually a bit of an overlap!
He hoped for a male heir but Anne bore him another girl – Elizabeth
BIRTH ANNOUNCEMENT OF PRINCESS ELIZABETH SEPTEMBER 7, 1533

34. Henry’s Six Wives!
Divorced, Beheaded, Died, Divorced, Beheaded, Survived.
Catherine of Aragon
Annulled
Anne Boleyn
Annulled then
beheaded
Catherine Parr
survived
Catherine Howard
Annulled then
beheaded
Jane Seymour
Died
childbed fever
Anne of Cleves
Annulled

35. Elizabeth I Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn
Returned the country to the Protestant faith after her Catholic sister Queen Mary I (‘Bloody Mary’) died
Through compromise Elizabeth found middle ground with Catholics and Protestants
Made England a firmly Protestant nation
Little religious turmoil for decades

36. Branches of Christianity
Protestant
Roman
Catholicism
Lutheran
Martin
Luther
Anglican
Henry VIII
Calvinist
John
Calvin
Eastern
Orthodox
Puritan
Huguenots
Presbyterian

37. The Protestant Reformation Map

38. Results
In the end reformers like Luther established their own non-Catholic traditions
The Reformation caused a permanent split in Christianity with the formation of new Protestant faiths

39. Protestant Reformers Chart
Use vocabulary/study guide, class notes, and text book to complete the chart
Luther (pg )
Calvin (pg. 65)
Henry VIII (pg )
Elizabeth I (pg. 68)

40. Why would the Catholic Church want to start a Counter-Reformation?
Do Now
Why would the Catholic Church want to start a Counter-Reformation?

41. Lesson Objective SWBAT:
describe the impact of the Catholic Reformation on society and government actions
describe changing cultural values, traditions, and philosophies

42. The Catholic Counter-Reformation
The Catholic Church wanted to stop the spread of Protestantism
It was losing followers which meant it was losing money
They refocused on strictly following the commands and rules of the Church

43. The Council of Trent
The Council of Trent met between 1545 and 1563 to make reforms
The Council of Trent reaffirmed most Church doctrine and practices:
Salvation comes through faith AND good works
The Bible is not the only source of truth
Council took steps to end Church abuses 43

44. The Jesuits
Ignatius of Loyola - religious leader who was devoted to the Catholic Church
Formed the Society of Jesus, the Jesuits, to defend and spread the Catholic faith around the world
Sent missionaries to Asia, Africa and the Americas
Known for setting up schools

45. Spread of Christianity
Protestant
Protestant England settled in what is now the United States
Catholic Spain and France settled in what is now Mexico and South America
Catholic

46. Conclusion
The Protestant Reformation began as a theological dispute between Martin Luther and the Catholic Church
Theological dispute becomes religious conflict, as Catholics and Protestant are persecuted for their beliefs
Religious conflict becomes a political conflict between states seeking to advance their positions 46

47. Map: Major European Religions Around 1600
(Pearson eText pg. 70)

48. Use page 70 in your text book (Pearson) to complete – a link for the eText is on my website
Map Key: Color
Roman Catholic-Green
Orthodox-Red
Anglican-Orange
Lutheran-Yellow
Calvinist-Blue
Cities: Use a black dot to indicate- Wittenberg, Worms, Trent, Augsburg, Geneva, London, Paris, Rome
Countries: Label in bold letters
Holy Roman Empire, England, Scotland, Ireland, Russia, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Poland, Hungary, Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Ottoman Empire

49. 31A

50. 31B

51. 31C