2. The Quest for the Holy Land Definition: series of 8 military expeditions from Europe to the Middle East Dates: 1096-1270 Crusader: to take up the cross

3. The Quest for the Holy Land Motivation: to recapture the Holy Land from the Muslims Holy Land: an ancient region of southwest Asia on the east coast of the Mediterranean

4. Jews : Torah establishes claim to the Holy Land Site of King Solomon’s Temple Claims to the Holy Land

5. Muslims: Site of Muhammad’s journey into heaven Site of the Dome of the Rock Claims to the Holy Land

6. Christians: Site of Jesus’ life, death, and resurrection Site of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher Claims to the Holy Land

7. Pope Urban II called for crusade against Turks Indulgences as incentive Battles in the Holy Land Eight Crusades

8. The First Crusade: Pope Urban II “God Wills It!” Wanted to protect Christianity from expansion by Muslim Turks

9. The First Crusade: Pope Urban II “God Wills It!” Wanted to unite all of Europe’s Christians and increase his personal power as pope

10. The First Crusade: Pope Urban II “God Wills It!” Promised immediate salvation to anyone who died

11. Knights Commanded to defend Jerusalem, the “Fief of God”

12. Knights Crusades offered hope of adventure and wealth.

13. Nobles & Peasants Peasants who went on crusades were released from feudal obligations

14. Nobles & Peasants Escape from drudgery & hope of adventure. Promised salvation for anyone who died.

15. Nobles & Peasants Nobles hoped to add to their personal fortunes and strengthen to power of monarchs

16. Peter the Hermit A poor man who attracted peasant followers with his preaching

17. Peter the Hermit Also attracted artisans, beggars, thieves, con men and tricksters

18. The First Crusade Four armies traveled to Constantinople, Antioch, and Jerusalem. Results

19. The First Crusade Captured Antioch and Jerusalem Massacred many Muslims and Jews Results

20. The First Crusade Much of the army died from disease Some Europeans returned home, while others established crusader states Results

22. The Third (or Kings’) Crusade Saladin was a devout Muslim and military leader He went to war when the crusaders broke a treaty by attacking a Muslim caravan Muslim Forces

23. The Third (or Kings’) Crusade Battle at the Horns of Hattin triggered the third crusade. Surrounded the Christian army and set fire Muslims recaptured Jerusalem in October 1187 Muslim Forces

24. The Third (or Kings’) Crusade Called the Kings’ Crusade because the military leaders were monarchs Philip king of France Christian Forces

25. The Third (or Kings’) Crusade Frederick Barbarossa king of Germany, drowned on his way to Constantinople Richard I king of England, nicknamed the lion heart Christian Forces

26. Results of the Third Crusade Philip and Richard captured Acre. Richard grew impatient and ordered the execution of all of the city’s Muslims

27. Results of the Third Crusade Richard and Saladin fought in many battles but Richard never regained Jerusalem

28. Results of the Third Crusade Treaty of 1192: Crusaders control cities north of Jaffra. Pilgrims can safely visit Jerusalem

29. The Impact of the Crusades Trade Expands: Europeans want to have the luxuries they saw in the Middle East. The demand for silk and spices grew. Feudalism Weakened: Knights left their fiefs to fight and serfs were freed. Lords were killed or went bankrupt. Exchange of Ideas: Military technology, poetry and music, use of money, languages, architecture Muslims remain in control of Jerusalem until WWI

30. The Impact of the Crusades Trade Expands: Europeans want to have the luxuries they saw in the Middle East. The demand for silk and spices grew.

31. The Impact of the Crusades Feudalism Weakened: Knights left their fiefs to fight and serfs were freed. Lords were killed or went bankrupt.

32. The Impact of the Crusades Muslims remain in control of Jerusalem until WWI