1. The Protestant Reformation

2. Breakdown of Denominations

3. Early Reformers John Wycliffe (1324-1384)
Interested in authority of clergy
People should be able to interpret and read the Bible on their own
Lived during Western Schism (more than one pope)
This caused questioning about Papal Authority

4. Early Reformers Cont… Jan Hus (1369-1415)
He wanted Bishops elected and not appointed by Pope
At the Council of Constance, he made his case but he was burned at the stake for his beliefs
Spiritual leader of the Moravian Church

5. Fun Facts Lived in Bohemia (Modern Day Czech Republic)
The last words of John Hus were that, “in 100 years, God will raise up a man whose calls for reform cannot be suppressed”
Almost exactly 100 years later, in 1517, Martin Luther nailed his famous 95 Theses

6. Early Reformers Cont… Erasmus (1466-1536)
“Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched.”
Erasmus remained committed to reforming the Church from within
He also held to Catholic doctrines such as that of free will
Which some Protestant Reformers rejected in favor of the doctrine of predestination

7. Important Developments that aid the process to Reformation!
The Printing Press!!!!
Books are now available to the masses not just the rich! (Faster production=cheaper books)
People have access to books whenever they want them
How does this relate to the Reformation? Explain your answer?
Like the Kindle or Nook to early modern Europeans.
A single Renaissance printing press could produce 3,600 pages per workday, compared to forty by hand-printing and a few by hand-copying.
Printing Press = 3,600 pages per workday
Hand Printing = 40 pages per workday

8. What is the Protestant Reformation?
Protestant Reformation- a religious movement in the 1500’s that split the Christian church in western Europe and led to the establishment of a number of new churches
People grew displeased with the churches…
Financial Corruption
Abuse of Power
Immorality

9. What happens to spark the Reformation?
Pope Leo X needs money to build St. Peter’s Basilica…so he sells indulgences!
Indulgences- were pardons issued by the pope that people could buy to reduce a soul’s time in purgatory = (People could buy forgiveness)
Martin Luther’s Ninety Five Theses

10. Language Barriers
Most uneducated people didn’t understand Latin, but knew the local common language or “vernacular”
Almost all Bibles were written in LATIN before the Reformation
It was the job of the church clergy to translate the Bible to lay people

11. Martin Luther
Luther was a German monk and professor of theology (religion) at the University of Wittenberg
One of the many leaders of the Protestant Reformation
Luther objected to a saying attributed to Johann Tetzel that "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs."
Luther translates the Bible to German and believes that people should be able to interpret the Bible for themselves.
Coffer means chest

12. Luther’s 95 Theses
In 1517, the 95 Theses were nailed to a church door - They were written in Latin
Luther’s intention: NOT TO BREAK WITH CHURCH, BUT REFORM IT!
Criticized:
Indulgences
Power of Pope
Wealth of Church
God’s Grace won by FAITH ALONE!
Catholic View: Good Works

13. Excommunication In 1520 Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther
Excommunication- expelled him from the church
Holy Roman Emperor Charles V passed measures to suppress Luther’s writings
Lutheran princes in Germany issued a protestatio or protest
Hence the term Protestant!
Pope Leo X by Raphel

14. Other Reformers Ulrich Zwingli in Switzerland
Believed in the union of church and state (a theocracy)
Wanted a system that required all citizens to attend church and regulated aspects of personal life
This model would influence John Calvin
Wanted a simpler church  stripped churches of decoration and scorned ritual
Switzerland was divided in to cantons  split on religion
Each canton were either Protestant or Catholic

15. Other Reformers: Calvinism
John Calvin in Switzerland (Geneva)
Believed in Predestination
Foreknowledge - God knows who will be saved, even before people are born, and therefore guides the lives of those destined fore salvation
Purified approach to life:
No drinking, swearing, card playing, gambling etc..

16. Other Reformers: Calvinism
John Calvin in Switzerland (Geneva)
Also wanted a simpler church
Believed in Predestination
God knows who will be saved, even before people are born, and therefore guides the lives of those destined for salvation
Calvin’s followers became the most militant and uncompromising of Protestants  Geneva was home to many rejected Calvinists

17. Other Reformers: Calvinism
John Knox in Scotland
A Calvinist
Laid grounds for a later Presbyterian Church
Other Places that Accepted Calvinism:
United Providences of the Netherlands
Puritans in England
New England

18. Other Reformers: Calvinism
Started in Switzerland – Calvinists
England = Puritans
Scotland = Presbyterians
Holland = Dutch Reform
France = Huguenots
Germany = Reform Church

19. Other Reformers Anabaptists Believed in adult baptism
Wanted voluntary association of believers with no connection to the state
Believed in social and economic equality
Later adopted pacifism and avoided involvement with the state whenever possible
Mennonites and Amish are descendants of the Anabaptists

20. Other Reformers: Anglican
Occurred in England
Many reformers wanted to “purify” the church of Catholic practices
Result: Protestant in doctrine and practice
Retained most of the physical possessions as the medieval church

21. Breakdown of Denominations

22. In England, the Reformation began with the King!
Reformation in England was dictated by personal and political decisions
Started with King Henry VIII
The king who had six wives…
He wants a SON!
King Henry’s older brother Arthur (named after the famous tale King Author and the Knights of the Round Table) dies… Author was married to Catherine of Argon (from Spain) before she married Henry. This becomes the grounds for his annulment (because Catherine can’t produce a son). She does however give birth to a daughter named Mary. She later becomes a queen of England and restores the Catholic Church! History knows her as Bloody Mary.
Catherine of Aragon, Henry's first wife.  Catherine, a Princess of Spain, was married to Henry for many years.  Her determination to stay married to Henry, in the face of his desire for Anne Boleyn, would change the course of history forever.
Anne Boleyn, Henry's second wife, and the mother of Queen Elizabeth I.  Henry fell passionately in love with Anne while married to Catherine of Aragon.  He waited several years to marry Anne, but, ironically, lost his desire for her once she became his Queen.
Jane Seymour, Henry's beloved third Queen.  Gentle, capable Jane gave Henry his long-awaited male heir after one year of marriage.  Sadly, she gave her life to do so.
Anne of Cleves, Henry's fourth wife.  This German princess served as Queen for only a few months before she and Henry agreed to divorce by mutual consent.
Katherine Howard, Henry's fifth wife.  Henry's marriage to this sensuous teenager brought him brief happiness, but ended in tragedy. 
Katherine Parr, Henry's sixth Queen.  This intelligent, loyal, forward-thinking Renaissance woman outlived three husbands, including Henry, and went on to finally marry the man of her choice.

24. The Reformation Parliament
Was a gathering that led to the decision that England was no longer under the authority of the pope
Act of Supremacy
Subjects were required to take an oath declaring Henry VIII to be “Supreme Head of the Church of England”
Not the Pope!

25. Longstanding Effects of Henry VIII
His legitimate children: Mary, Elizabeth, and Edward
Edward VI  becomes king at nine
England was ruled by the Regency Council
The English Church adopted Calvinism
Died at age 15

26. Longstanding Effects of Henry VIII
Queen Mary I or “Bloody Mary”
Raised Catholic like her mother Catherine of Aragon (Henry’s 1st wife)
She reestablished the Catholic Church in England
She killed many Protestants and had approximately 300 heretics burned at the stake
She died after ruling for five years

27. Longstanding Effects of Henry VIII
Queen Elizabeth I the “Virgin Queen”
Raised Protestant and ruled England for 44 years, never married
Required outward conformity to the Protestant Church  rarely inquired about inward beliefs
Some church practices resembled the Catholic Church
Led to the rise of “Puritans” who wanted to rid the church of all Catholic aspects  resulting church was Anglican

28. Counter-Reformation
A Historical Debate: An internal Catholic reform or a result of Protestant criticism?
Council of Trent ( )
Called by Pope Paul III, met three times
Discussed the abuses of the Catholic Church
Discussed other debates in the Catholic Church

30. REVIEW: Protestants Around Europe
Germany
France
England
Spain
Holy Roman Empire
Italy
Netherlands