1. Rise of England – Anglo-Saxon Settlement

2. Alfred the Great Strong ruler from Wessex Accomplishments: Resisted Danish Invasion Strengthened local administration Shires, shire-reeve Strong character Danish ruler Canute tried to take over Britain Edward the Confessor’s victory over the Danes

3. William the Conqueror From Normandy, France Contested the throne with Harold, Earl of Wessex Battle of Hastings (1066) William wins Began the Norman Dynasty As king, centralized feudalism Lords became his vassals, called tenants-in-chief All of England became his fief Extended authority over English church Pope lost influence in England Domesday Book – “Census” of people and property; for taxation purposes

4. Strengthening of Royal Power Henry II – from the Plantagenet family Had vast landholdings in France— even more than the French king! Took several measures to strengthen the English monarchy Expanded jurisdiction of the royal court system Developed common law Ensured justice, unified the people Appointed his friend, Thomas a Becket, archbishop However, he became a bitter opponent of Henry’s interference in church affairs.

5. Limitation of Royal Power Rule of Richard I Known as Richard the Lionhearted; fought in the Third Crusade Only spent 6 months of his ten-year reign in England His brother and the king of France plotted to overthrow him

6. King John (Richard’s brother): Cruel and weak willed Continual conflict with three “enemies”—the French King, the Pope, and the English nobles—caused the power of the English monarchy to be greatly restricted French king, Phillip II, took control over John’s French provinces. John clashed with Pope over appointment of the next bishop of Canterbury Pope sent a man named Stephen Langton to become the next archbishop John got furious and lashed out by refusing to allow Stephen into the country. Pope put England under an interdict and excommunicated King John Due to the fact that he had no allies, John submitted and became the Pope’s vassal, giving all of England as a fief to the papacy. Feeling oppressed by high taxation and a disregard for their feudal privileges, the English nobles rebelled Forced John to sign the Magna Carta, a document that guaranteed the rights of the nobility within their feudal relations.

8. Development of Parliament Developed under King Edward I (1272-1307) There had been a long custom of the English kings seeking counsel from a group of advisors Witan – Anglo-Saxon gathering of nobles Curia Regis – William the Conqueror’s “Great Council” Edward the Confessor enlarged the membership of the “Great Council” to include more members of society House of Lords – Represented nobility House of Commons – Represented commoners Eventually the kings had to get approval from Parliament for new laws “Power of the Purse” – Could hold back money from the king unless he listened to them Became a legislative body

9. Part Four: Rise of France

10. Royal Foundations – The Capetian House Hugh Capet, Count of France, elected 987

11. Royal Expansion – King Phillip II (1180-1223) Tripled the size of his domain by gaining land previously held by Plantagenet family

12. Royal Dignity– Louis IX (1226-1270) “Ideal” medieval king Sincerely concerned for justice and peace

13. Royal Power – Philip IV (1285-1314) Used taxation to gain power Accepted by people Contested by Pope Established representative body called Estates-General Began movement of citizens’ loyalties from the church to the state From his precedent, French monarchy grew without restraint

14. The Crusades : “Holy” War? Invasion of Palestine: 11 th century Urban II’s plea: “This royal city... Situated at the center of the earth, is now held captive by the enemies of Christ.... She seeks, therefore, and desires to be liberated and ceases not to implore you to come to her aid.... Wrest that land from the wicked race, and subject it to yourselves.”

15. Reasons for going: Personal reasons: Piety & Service Desire for adventure Material & Commercial gain Violent lifestyle Roman Church’s influence: Guarantee of protection for family of Crusader Pardon for criminals and debtors Earning of spiritual forgiveness Jihad

16. Consequences of the Crusades Weakened the feudal structure of Europe Expanded commercial activity of Europe Strengthened the leadership of the papacy Opened new horizons—culturally, intellectually, and geographically Preservation of ancient Greek, Arab, and Indian texts—science, philosophy, literature by Muslims European warriors’ reencounter with these texts—causal connection to European Renaissance Relationship between Christianity and Islam further severed to this day Fear Resentment Hatred