1. Is Sacred Architecture the Pinnacle of History of Building Technology? Kate Ward ARCH 649 Fall 2003

2. Secular Influences the Sacred Crystal Cathedral By Philip Johnson & John Burgee Garden Grove, CA Church of the Light By Tadao Ando Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan

3. Crystal Cathedral vs. Church of the Light Crystal CathedralChurch of the Light FaithChristian FunctionChurchChapel Time1977-19801988 LocationGarden Grove, CA, USAIbaraki, Osaka, Japan FormLong, 4-pointed star plan Long, rectilinear plan Building Technology Glazed space frame walls and roof Reinforced concrete with glass wall

4. Crystal Cathedral: Faith Faith: Christian Faith influence on form: plan is based on Latin cross; the architects “squished the nave and pulled out the trancept” to bring people closer to the chancel Home of the nationally televised “Hour of Power”

5. Crystal Cathedral: Function Function: Church Also functions as a television studio, so the building must have a certain light set-up, possibly a certain sound set-up as well Complex also has a advanced audio studio and television studio Giant doors open to parking lot to allow building to function as a drive-in church as well

6. Crystal Cathedral: Time Time: 1980 Televangelism was growing stronger, and had no scandals yet Bell Tower was added for the tenth anniversary of the cathedral. It was also designed by Philip Johnson

7. Crystal Cathedral: Location Location: Garden Grove, CA, USA Location influence on design:  Glass is reflective, so only 8% of light and heat enter space  No air-conditioning, but ventilated with motorized fin windows Originally was to be surrounded by park, but now is surrounded by parking lot  Johnson: “Is God not in the car?”  Allows for drive-in service Suburban environment  Windows let in views of the outside world

8. Crystal Cathedral: Form Form: Long, 4-pointed star plan, tent-shaped elevation Form gives the church its popular name: “Crystal Cathedral” Building measures 207 by 415 ft, with a maximum height of 128 ft (12 stories) Seats about 3,000, plus 1,000 more in the chancel

9. Crystal Cathedral: Building Technology History of Space Frames Alexander Graham Bell was one of the first to experiment with the structures that eventually became space frames. He developed kites and a 24 meter high tower during his experiments. Early predecessors of space frames include the Eiffel Tower and many bridges.

10. Crystal Cathedral: Building Technology History of Space Frames Used to cover large spaces, such as hangars, auditoriums, etc. Geodesic domes are space frames – developed for homes, not sacred architecture

11. Crystal Cathedral: Building Technology History of Glass Buildings Crystal Palace Seagram

12. Crystal Cathedral: Building Technology History of Glass Buildings Transco Tower, Houston Fountain Place, Dallas

13. Church of the Light: Faith Faith: Christian Faith influence on form: longitudinal plan for processionals

14. Church of the Light: Function Function: Chapel Building is an addition to an earlier wooden structure

15. Church of the Light: Time Time: 1988

16. Church of the Light: Location Location: Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan Tightly-packed residential neighborhood Very small space Location influences form  L-shaped wall separates church from busy surroundings  No good views, so the windows are minimal – only the distinctive narrow cross window and a window opening into the L-shaped wall

17. Church of the Light: Location Entrance is from the back, and is not direct – must turn 180 degrees to face the front of the building Window opening to wall

18. Church of the Light: Form Form: Long, rectilinear plan “The building can be described simply as a bare concrete box with a wall cutting through it at a 15 degree angle. “ Proportion: 1:3:1 – rectangle can hold 3 spheres, each 5.9 meters in diameter

19. Church of the Light: Building Technology History of Reinforced Concrete First successful use of reinforced concrete was by Jean-Louis Lambot to reinforce his boats. Reinforced servant’s cottage was erected by William B. Wilkinson. Joseph Monier first used it as building material. He had patents for its use in garden tubs and some posts and beams. First landmark reinforced concrete building in America was “Ward’s Castle.”

20. Church of the Light: Building Technology History of Reinforced Concrete Common building material in buildings and highways

21. Conclusion The building technology of each building was not developed for sacred buildings, but for secular buildings, nor is the technology used in innovative ways. Sacred architecture is not the pinnacle of the history of building technology.

22. Further Questions If the building technology is not innovative, or very distinctive, what makes the building sacred?  Quality of light  Atmosphere  Separation from everyday  Invitation of everyday  Craftsmanship  Form

23. Bibliography A Business Opportunity, Manufacturing, Building Low Cost Sipcrete Concrete Houses. Structural Insulated Panels Ltd. 9 Dec. 2003. Barandon, Josh. The Church of Light - Tadao Ando. 8 Dec. 2003. Blake, Peter. Philip Johnson. Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag, 1996. Bull Arm Construction and Fabrication – Drydock. Bull Arm Fabrication and Construction Site. 9 Dec. 2003. Castro, Esteban. Arquiqué!, Church of the Light. Arquiqué! 8 Dec. 2003. Chan, Michelle. Church of the Light - Tadao Ando. 8 Dec. 2003. Christianity Outline. 8 Dec. 2003. Crystal Cathedral. Leslie E. Robertson Associates, RLLP. 9 Dec. 2003. Drew, Phillip. Church on the Water, Church of the Light: Tadao Ando. London: Phaidon, 1996. Edwards, Dawn, photographer. shaverfamily.org::gallery. 8 Dec. 2003. Fountain Place, Dallas. Dallassky.com. 9 Dec. 2003.

24. Bibliography (cont.) Garden Grove Church - Johnson/Burgee - Great Buildings Online. Great Buildings Online. 8 Dec 2003. Gossamer Space Frames Home Page. Gossamer Space Frames. 9 Dec. 2003. Mainstone, Rowland J. Developments in Structural Form. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2001. Matheson, Allen. Williams Tower. Photohome.com. 9 Dec. 2003. NCC > Photo Gallery. The National Christian Choir. 8 Dec. 2003. Orange County Religion. myorangecounty.com. 8 Dec. 2003. Planning/House With Character/Hometime. Hometime.com. 9 Dec. 2003. Reichard, Timothy. I-99/US 220 Construction at the Shiloh Road Interchange - Central PA/MD Roads. Central PA/MD Roads. 9 Dec. 2003. Richman, Steven. Arch Bridges. Richman Galleries. 8 Dec. 2003. Shaeffer, R.E. Reinforced Concrete: Preliminary Design for Architects and Builders. McGraw-Hill, 1992. Timeline of Concrete. Building Science Department at Auburn University. 8 Dec. 2003.

25. Bibliography (cont.) Warms, Rich. Crystal Palace. 9 Dec. 2003. Wayne, Gary. The Crystal Cathedral (photo 1). Seeing Stars. 8 Dec. 2003. Weinel, Eleanor. 50's Minimalism. 9 Dec. 2003 <http://www.ou.edu/class/arch4443/50%27s%20Minimalism/50Minimalism.htm >. Welcome to the Crystal Cathedral. Crystal Cathedral Ministries. 8 Dec. 2003. WWW.CIVILZONE.COM. CivilZone.com. 8 Dec. 2003. Yusheng, Liao. Church of the Light - Tadao Ando. 8 Dec. 2003. Zaknic, Ivan, ed. Philip Johnson/John Burgee Architecture 1979-1985. New York: Rizzoli, 1985.