1. Castles and Cathedrals Civil Engineering During the Middle Ages

7. The Rise of Feudalism; An Agricultural Revolution; Explorations on Mechanical Power The introduction of the stirrup Mounted shock combat The introduction of the plough The introduction of crop rotation Improved nutrition The reinvigoration of town life The development of machine design The concept of a power technology

9. 11 th and 12 th century masters of masonry Ingeniator Engineor Engigneur

10. Castle – a word introduced after the Norman invasion of England (1066 A.D.) Basically a circular mound of earth surrounded by a dry ditch and flattened at the top. Around the crest was placed a timber palisade.

14. Later Castles Built of Stone Layered defense Flanked by projecting towers Borrowed design from examples found in the Middle East by the Crusaders Featured stronger but progressviely stronger defensive rings At the center of the Castle was the inner ward, surrounded by a wall 35’ high

22. The Medieval Gothic Cathedral Highest Structures in Europe to the 20 th Century Flying Buttresses Stained Glass Symbolic ornamentation Very high vaulted ceilings