1. The Olmec, Maya, Aztec, & Mound Builders

2. Mesoamerica
Mesoamerica refers to a geographical and cultural area which extends from central Mexico down through Central America.
The term “Meso” means middle. (Middle America)
Many important Ancient Civilizations developed in this area.
A civilization is a culture that has developed complex systems of government, education, and religion.

3. Mesoamerica

4. The Original Olmec

5. Olmec Civilization
The Olmec civilization existed from 1300 BC to about 400 BC.
The Olmec are believed to be the earliest civilization in the Americas.
The Olmec people established a civilization in the area we know today as southern Mexico.

6. Map of Olmec Empire:

7. The “Mother Culture”
Many historians consider the Olmec civilization the “mother culture” of Mesoamerica.
A mother culture is a way of life that strongly influences later cultures.
The Olmec empire led to the development of other civilizations, such as the Maya and the Aztec.

8. Olmec Daily Life
The Olmec were very good at farming. The land in this region was very fertile and food supply was steady.
They lived in villages near rivers and also fished for food.
Olmec people also were good at making pottery and weaving.

9. Olmec Daily Life
The Olmec played a game called “pok-a-tok” where, you must shoot a rubber ball through a stone ring without using your hands or feet.
Huge ball courts built by the Olmec suggest that the game was popular with spectators.

10. Olmec Art
The Olmec carved large heads from basalt, a type of volcanic rock.
What the giant stone heads represent or why the Olmec built them is a mystery.

11. Olmec Technology
The Olmec used an early form of glyph writing to record events, dates, and to tell stories.
Glyphs are pictures that represent words.
They were incredible astronomers.
They developed a calendar that was amazingly accurate for its time.

12. Olmec Trade
It is believed that the Olmec did not focus on warfare and conquest, but instead, influenced other cultures mainly through trade.
Most Olmec cities served as trade centers.
They mainly traded for luxury items such as precious stones. Knowledge and ideas were also exchanged at these trade centers.
As a result, the Olmec culture spread throughout much of Mesoamerica.

13. Olmec Religion
The Olmec worshiped several gods (fire god, corn god) but their main god was the jaguar god.
They believed that the jaguar god brought rain.
Pyramids built in the center of their cities were probably used for religious reasons.

14. 400 BC–900 CE (AD) Southern Mexico & Central America
The Mysterious Maya
400 BC–900 CE (AD)
Southern Mexico & Central America

15. Maya Civilization
The Maya civilization existed from 400 BC to about 900 CE (AD).
At its peak, the Maya civilization covered the Yucatan Peninsula and stretched down to the northern parts of El Salvador and Honduras.
This area had natural barriers, such as mountains and water, that helped to protect the Maya civilization for 1300 years.

16. Discovering the Maya
To find the ruins of ancient Maya cities hidden deep in the rainforest, archaeologists had to travel on foot.
An archaeologist is a scientist that looks for and studies evidence from long ago.
Teacher’s notes: Maya is the name of the people and their civilization. Mayan is the language.

17. Maya Farming Like the Olmec, the Maya were expert farmers.
They grew several crops but their main source of food was corn. They called it Maize
Because there was plenty of food, the Mayan population grew.
Over time, some Mayan farming villages grew into great cities.
Teacher notes: The development of Mayan society was similar to the development of Olmec society. As farming thrived in the Maya homelands, the Maya were able to grow more food. With more food, the Maya became healthier and their population grew. In time, some Mayan farming villages grew into great cities.

18. Maya Cities The Maya were master builders.
They did not have metal tools—they used stone, bone, and wood tools to build hundreds of magnificent cities.
Teacher notes: The development of Mayan society was similar to the development of Olmec society. As farming thrived in the Maya homelands, the Maya were able to grow more food. With more food, the Maya became healthier and their population grew. In time, some Mayan farming villages grew into great cities.

19. Maya Cities Cities were centers of religion and learning.
The Maya studied art, mathematics, architecture, medicine, and music.
Every Maya city had a palace for its ruler, a marketplace, an open-air plaza where people could gather, at least one huge pyramid, a large temple, and one pok-a-tok ball court.
People came to town to shop, to worship, and to watch ball games.

20. Maya Cities Two of the largest cities were
Tikal (tee-KAHL), located in the present-day country of Guatemala. It’s population was about 50,000.
Copan (ko-PAHN), located in the present-day country of Honduras
QUESTION: What were three things you could find in every Maya city?

21. Maya Number System The Maya invented of the idea of the number zero.
This invention made the Maya’s calendar accurate.

22. Maya Calendar

23. Maya Religion
The Maya worshipped the gods of nature. Some of their gods were the god of Rain, god of Maize, and the god of Sun.  
They believed that without the help of these important gods, there would be no crops and everyone would starve.
To get help from the gods, the Maya fasted, prayed, and offered sacrifices.
Most sacrifices were animals but occasionally they did made human sacrifices.

24. Maya Religion
The Maya had many religious ceremonies, performed by priest, on top of the pyramids.
Priests were the most powerful people in the Maya civilization.
The priests decided when to plant crops and when people could marry and to whom. Before doing pretty much anything, one had to ask for a priest’s approval.
Teacher’s notes: The Maya believed their priests could talk to the gods. This gave the priests incredible power.

25. The Legend of Mirrors
The Maya believed that one could communicate with a god by looking into a mirror.
Legend says…warriors going into battle wore mirrors on their backs. The idea was that if an enemy warrior tried to sneak up on a Maya warrior, a demon might reach out from the underworld and snatch the enemy.
Teacher’s notes: According to the Maya, demons were always trying to escape from the underworld into this world. The priests’ job was to make sure this did not happen. The Maya believed that looking into a mirror was a risk, because a mirror was a portal to all the gods, both in heaven and in the underworld. Since it was regarded as so dangerous, women were not allowed to look into mirrors. Only men could use mirrors, and many did each day to prove their bravery and to seek direction.

26. The Mysterious Downfall
Around 800 CE the Maya began to abandon their cities and their population declined.
The reasons for these events are still a mystery.
The demise of the Maya Civilization may have been caused by food shortages, disease, or wars.

27. The Awesome Aztecs

28. Introduction
The Aztec tribe lived in ancient Mexico for about 400 years.
For the first 200 years, the Aztecs were constantly on the move. No one wanted the Aztecs as neighbors. The Aztecs practiced human sacrifice. They believed that if their gods were not fed, they would not do their jobs. The sun god would not bring up the sun, and everyone would die.

29. Introduction
To keep their gods happy, the Aztecs believed that human sacrifice was necessary. They used people to feed their hungry gods.
Some of the people they sacrificed were Aztecs. However, most of the people they sacrificed were captured from neighboring tribes. This did not make them popular with their neighbors. Sooner or later, their neighbors would band together to chase the Aztecs away.

30. Aztec Civilization
The Aztec tribe lived in southern Mexico from about 900 CE (AD) to 1521.
In the 1100s the Aztec settled in the Valley of Mexico on the swampy shores of Lake Texcoco and on a small island in the lake.
The Aztec named this place Tenochtitlan (te noch tee TLAHN) and it eventually became the capital of their civilization.

31. Mighty Tenochtitlan
Tenochtitlan had broad avenues, beautiful plazas, markets, temples, and palaces.

32. School
To build Tenochtitlan into the city they wanted, the Aztec knew that they would need many engineers, builders, and other specialist.
To solve this problem, the Aztecs set up a system of public schools.
All Aztec children went to school where they learned Aztec history, religion, and a specialized profession.

33. All-Girls School
There were three different schools: one for girls, and two for boys.
Girls learned about religion and were trained to be good wives and mothers. They learned how to cook, sew, and how to care for their children. They also learned how to make beautiful woven textiles.

34. Sons of the Upper Class
Sons of the upper class went to the nobles’ school. Sons of wealthy traders and merchants also went to this school. They studied law, writing (hieroglyphics), medicine, engineering and building, interpretation of dreams and omens, and self-expression. They also learned about their history and religious beliefs.
It was a tough school. The boys were humiliated and tormented to toughen them up.

35. Sons of Commoners and Slaves
The other boys’ school was for sons of commoners. Its main goal was to train warriors and farmers. Boys had to sleep under skimpy blankets. They were given hard bread to eat.
The commoners’ school also taught history, religion, manners, correct behavior, and important rituals, along with singing and dancing.

36. Specialized Professions
Aztec children were trained to be a specialist in some area. Boys studied how to be farmers, traders, engineers, builders, astronomers, and doctors.
Students who became builders and engineers designed and built the amazing Aztec cities, including the capital city of Tenochtitlan.

37. Aztec Life
At first, live was hard on the swampy land, but the Aztec gradually built up the city.
They built causways and bridges to connect the island to the main land.
A causeway is a raised road or path usually built across a body of water.

38. Farming
To solve the issue of growing crops in a swampy area, the Aztec built chimampas.
Chinampas are “floating” gardens built on a series of rafts, which were anchored to the lake bed. They piled dirt on top of the rafts and grew crops on them.
The gardens were quite successful. The Aztecs grew chili peppers, squash, corn, tomatoes, and beans.
Teacher’s notes: The Aztecs created more useable land by filling in marshlands and swamps. They created even more by building dikes to hold back the water.

39. Floating Gardens
As the Aztec population grew, more food was needed. To solve this problem, Aztec engineers created “floating” gardens. They built a series of rafts, which they anchored to the lake bed. They piled on dirt and grew crops. They made walkways out of mud and reeds to connect the floating rafts.
The gardens were quite successful. The Aztecs grew chili peppers, squash, corn, tomatoes, and beans.
Teacher’s notes: The Aztecs created more useable land by filling in marshlands and swamps. They created even more by building dikes to hold back the water.

40. Huitzilopochtli, the Aztec sun god.
Aztec Religion
The Aztecs believed that human sacrifice was necessary to feed their gods.
They believed that if their gods were not fed, they would not do their jobs.
Huitzilopochtli, the Aztec sun god.

41. War War was an important part of Aztec life.
The Aztec conquered over 400 cities in Mexico.
The Aztec often used the prisoners they captured as slaves or as human sacrifices to feed their gods.

42. The Fall of the Aztec
In 1521, Spanish conquistadors and their Native American partners defeated the Aztec and ended their empire.
A conquistador is a Spanish soldier.
Tenochtitlan was destroyed and a new capital, Mexico City, was built on top of the ruins of the destroyed city.

43. The Incredible Incas:
Children of the Sun

44. Who Were the Incas?
The Incas were a small tribe of South American Indians who lived in the city of Cuzco, high in the Andes Mountains of Peru. Around 1400 CE, a neighboring tribe attacked the Incas, but the Incas won. This was the beginning of the Inca Empire.
In only 100 years, the Inca Empire grew so big that it expanded into what are now the modern countries of Ecuador, Peru, Chile, Bolivia and Argentina.

45. Inca Government
One thing that helped the Incas grow so rapidly was their system of a strong central government. Everybody worked for the state, and in turn the state looked after everybody.
Sapa Inca: The head of government was the Inca, sometimes called the “Sapa Inca” (“the Only Inca”). The Sapa Inca was all-powerful. Everything belonged to the Sapa Inca. He ruled his people by putting his relatives in positions of power. Since punishment was harsh and swift, almost no one broke the law.
Teacher’s notes: The Sapa Inca was at the top of the pyramid. Next came the four members of the Supreme Council. Each member ruled one of the Four Quarters that made up the Inca Empire. Each quarter was divided into regions. Each region was divided again, and so on. Judges, army officers, top officials, and tax collectors were all relatives of the Sapa Inca.

46. Common People Had No Freedom
The Incas were very class conscious and were divided into nobles and common people. The nobles pretty much did what they wanted, while the common people were tightly controlled by the government.
Commoners could not own or run businesses. They could only do their assigned jobs. The law did not allow them to be idle. Even the amount of time they had to sleep and bathe was controlled by a government official.
Teacher’s notes: Workers were organized into family units. Each unit had 10–20 people. Their life was not all work: there were many joyous religious festivals. However, they could not do anything without the governments permission. They could not even walk along the roads without permission.
When the Inca made a new law, he told the top tax collectors. They told the tax collectors who reported to them, who told the next level down, and so on, until everyone in the empire heard the news. Since the workers could not vote or voice an opinion, that would then be the law until the Inca made a new decree.
NOTE: The Incas did not invent the alarm clock. It is used in this illustration for humor and to emphasis that every minute of every hour of every day was controlled by a government official. If caught wasting a single minute, a commoner could be severely punished.

47. Service Tax
Local officials kept an detailed census. A census is an official count of all the people in an area and how they each make a living.
Each common person was listed in the census. Each person listed had to pay a tax. The Incas loved gold and silver, but they had no use for money. The people paid their tax each year in physical labor—serving in the army, working in the mines, or building roads, temples, and palaces.
Teacher’s notes: Although the people had no freedom, everyone in the empire was well-fed, and no one was homeless. Everyone had warm clothes to wear. The common people were well treated because they were needed as workers. When times were tough or people retired, the state looked after them.

48. Harsh Government Controls
Laws dictated who should work where, and when.
Local officials had the power to make all decisions about the lives of the people they ruled. Inspectors visited frequently to check on things. Breaking the law usually meant the death penalty. Few people broke the law. Tight government controls kept the common people fed, clothed, and enslaved.
Teacher’s notes: For a number of reasons, the people never rose up and fought against this system of government: Local officials had the power to assign immediate punishment for crimes against the state—and all crimes were crimes against the state. If you were hoarding food, you were robbing the state. If you overslept, you were robbing the state. Every minute of every hour of every day was controlled.

49. Government Questions What was the service tax?
Who decided how much service tax was due?
Who was the head of Inca government?
What freedoms did the common people enjoy?
Answers:
The service tax was a tax imposed on all common people that was paid by hours of labor. (The nobles did not pay a service tax.)
The Sapa Inca or his local government officials
The Sapa Inca
None

50. Geography
Another thing that helped the Inca Empire grow so rapidly was its geography. The empire had three main geographical regions:
1. The Andes Mountains
2. The Amazon jungle
3. The coastal desert
Teacher’s notes:
Amazon jungle: The Incas must have entered the jungle occasionally, as they knew about the valuable things that could be found in the Amazon, such as wood, fruit, and natural medicines. However, they never established settlements there.
Coastal desert: Between the Andes Mountains and the Pacific Ocean is a coastal desert 2000 miles long and from 30 to 100 miles wide. However, it was not completely barren; a few fertile strips occur where small rivers and streams run from the Andes mountaintops to the sea. The Incas traded with the people who lived there.
Each was a natural barrier. The Incas made their home between the jungle and the desert, high in the Andes Mountains of South America.

51. Andes Mountains
The snow-capped Andes Mountains run north to south. They have sharp ragged peaks and deep gorges.
The Incas built bridges across the gorges so they could reach all parts of their empire quickly and easily. If an enemy approached, the Incas could burn the bridges. They made suspension bridges from rope, pontoon bridges from reed boats, and pulley baskets from vines.
Teacher’s notes: Pulley baskets were actual baskets. People climbed inside them and were pulled across deep gorges on a rope.

52. Inca Roads
High in the Andes Mountains, the Incas connected their empire with 14,000 miles of well-built roads. Some sections of road were over 24 feet wide. Some were even paved. Some roads were so steep that the Incas built stone walls along the edge to prevent people from falling off the cliff.
The roads belonged to the government. No one could travel the roads without special permission.