1. Here we go again… Mr. Bell: Most students:  Some students: (my favorites)

2. Anatomy Joke: What should you do if you’re attacked by a pack of clowns? Go for the juggler!

3. An Overview Anatomy:Structure Physiology: Function Does one determine the other? – Absolutely – structure determines function. See example in textbook on p. 2 (paragraph labeled “Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology”)

4. Levels of Structural Organization Tissues – groups of similar cells that have common functions Organ Systems – group of organs that cooperate to accomplish a common purpose Cells – the smallest units of all living things Organs – composed of two or more tissue types and performs a specific function for the body Atoms – building blocks of all matter (including cells!)

5. Levels of Structural Organization Atoms Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organism

6. Organ Systems Overview Integumentary System: The external covering of the body – aka your skin! Protection – cushions and protects deep tissues from injury; integral role in disease prevention Excretion – gets rid of wastes such as salts and urea Regulation of body temperature First point of contact with the environment – contains receptors for temperature, pressure, and pain that relay information to the brain

7. Skeletal System Bones, Cartilages, Ligaments, and Joints Functions: – Support – framework and connection point for muscles; reason we have the shape we do – Movement – muscles attach to different parts of the skeleton to create movement upon muscle contraction – Protection – protecting covering around the heart/lungs and skull – Hematopoiesis – production of blood cells – Mineral Storage

8. Muscular System 3 types of muscle – Skeletal – muscles attached to bones; responsible for movement – Smooth – involuntary muscle; make up hollow organs that move fluids within the body – Cardiac – specialized muscle of the heart Function: – Movement! (locomotion or movement of fluids)

9. Nervous System Brain, Spinal Cord, nerves, sensory receptors Function: – Respond to stimuli (such as temperature, light, sound, oxygen levels, stretching of tissue, etc.) Internal (Ex. oxygen levels) vs. external (Ex. light/sound) – Control center of the body – assesses information from sensory receptors and sends appropriate response to effectors in the body

10. Endocrine System Glands: thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries, testes Function: regulate body activity using hormones – Slower than CNS (messages sent to distant targets) – Ex: Growth, Reproduction, Food usage (cellular level)

11. Cardiovascular System: Heart and Blood Vessels Function: Transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances to and from tissue cells (red blood cells) Protect the body from invasion (white blood cells)

12. Lymphatic System Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphoid glands (spleen, tonsils) Function: cleanse blood and house cells involved in immunity

13. Respiratory System Nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Function: supply oxygen to the rest of the body Remove carbon dioxide from the blood

14. Digestive System Oral Cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum Function: break down food – Remove nutrients and deliver to blood – Remove waste

15. Urinary System Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra Function: remove wastes containing nitrogen from the body (ex: urea) Maintenance of water/salt balance Maintenance of pH levels within the body

16. Reproductive System Testes, scrotum, penis, accessory glands, duct system, ovary, uterus, vagina, uterine tubes Function: production of offspring – Female: growth and development of offspring (pregnancy)

17. Life Functions Maintenance of boundaries (keep the “inside” on the inside and the “outside” on the outside…also separates different body systems from others to ensure continuous functioning) Movement Responsiveness (irritability) Digestion Metabolism (simple definition: use of energy) Excretion (removal of wastes) Reproduction Growth

18. Survival Needs Nutrients…are a pretty big deal Oxygen…even bigger deal Water…kind of in the middle… Body Temperature Atmospheric pressure If these things are not maintained within the normal homeostatic range, death can result

19. Homeostasis The body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing – Constantly changing (ironic) Within a narrow range The body is maintaining a dynamic equilibrium

20. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Carried out by Nervous and Endocrine Systems Key Terms: – Variable: factor or event being regulated – Receptor: sensor that monitors and responds to changes in variables – Stimuli: changes in variables – Input: information sent from the receptor to the control center – Afferent Pathway: information flows from the receptor to the control center…think Afferent Approaches the control center – Control Center: Assesses information and initiates a response

21. Cont’d… Efferent Pathway: information flows from the control center to the effector (think Efferent Exits the control center) Effector: provides the means for the control center’s response Variable: see previous slide

22. Homeostasis

23. Cont’d Negative Feedback Mechanisms: – The net effect of the response to the stimulus is to shut off the original stimulus or reduce its intensity Positive Feedback Mechanisms: – Increase the original disturbance and push the variable farther from its original value – Control infrequent events that occur explosively – Do not require continuous adjustment

24. Homeostatic Imbalance Disturbances in the homeostatic mechanism Typically result in Disease because body is outside of its normal homeostatic ranges

25. Anatomical Position Standard position of the body (assumption) – Used to accurately describe body parts and position – Body is erect with feet parallel and arms hanging at the sides with palms forward

26. Body Planes and Sections Internal Structures of the Body Types of Plane: – Sagittal (midsagittal) – divides the body into a left and right part; a midsagittal plane divides the body into left and right HALVES – Frontal – divides the body into anterior and posterior parts – Transverse – divides the body into superior and inferior parts

27. Body Cavities Dorsal – Cranial, Spinal Ventral – All structures within chest and abdomen – Much larger

28. Ventral Body Cavity Thoracic Cavity – Lungs/heart/trachea; rib cage – Separated from others by diaphragm – Mediastinum divides R/L halves of the thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic Cavity – Abdominal – stomach, liver, intestines, etc. – Pelvic – reproductive organs, bladder and rectum

29. Subdivisions of the Abdominopelvic Cavity Umbilical Epigastric Hypogastric (pubic) Inguinal (R/L) Lumbar (R/L) Hypochondriac (R/L)