1. Analyzing Crystal Fractionation Le Castor Curiosity Gale Crater Phoenix Polar Lander

2. One solution to this problem is the use of binary variation diagrams to study liquid lines of descent in volcanic suites. Four component systems are insufficient to accurately portray the phase relations of primary magmas as they evolve due to processes such as crystal fractionation. For example, we cannot determine when an oxide mineral will crystallize in the olivine liquidus projection to the left.

5. Mg variation diagrams (Bowen Diagrams): Mg is an analogue for temperature, so that plotting other elements against Mg, gives one an idea of how these elements change as temperature drops during crystal fractionation. This type of diagram is most commonly used in suites with relatively primitive Mg-rich lavas, and is less useful for volcanic suites dominated by relatively felsic lavas.

6. Vanuatu Arc Epi

7. Appearance of Cpx

8. Appearance of Ulvo-spinel (Fe 2 TiO 4 )

9. Appearance of Apatite as a Liquidus Phase In Marquesa Archipelago

10. amphibolites Analyzing Crystal Cumulates Using Pearce element Ratios 2:1 1:1 1:2

11. Olivine + CpxX Cpx versus Y olivine

12. Estimating degree of crystallization using highly incompatible elements: Incompatible elements are those that preferentially partition into a liquid phase coexisting with solid phases. They tend to be elements whose high charge (HFSE, high field strength elements such as: Zr, Nb, Hf) or large ionic radii (LIL, large ion lithophile elements such as: Rb, Ba, La), prevent them from substituting for the common major elements. For any trace element i: K i = C i solid / C i liq at equilibrium: C i o = F liq × C i liq + (1-F liq ) × C i sol Ci o = F liq × C i liq + (1-F i liq ) × K i × C i liq C i o = F liq × C i liq if K i = 0 F liq = C i o / C i liq or X xyl = 1- (C i o / C i liq )

13. C i liq = C i o / ((F + K i ×(1-F)) for equilibrium crystallization C i liq = C i o × F (Ki -1) for fractional crystallization D i = X α × K i α + X β × K i β + Xγ × K i δ + …….. where ∑ n X n = 1 In the case of one crystallizing mineral: In the case of 2 or more crystallizing minerals: C i liq = C i o / ((F + D i ×(1-F)) for equilibrium crystallization C i liq = C i o × F (Di -1) for fractional crystallization For K i ≠ 0.0