1. Biomedical Diagnostics Two Lesson One- Basics

2. 2 x-ray Transmission through the body Gamma ray emission from within the body Ultrasound echoes Nuclear magnetic resonance induction Basic Imaging Principles

3. 3 Basic Imaging Principles What does the human body look like on the inside? Invasive Techniques:  Operation  Endoscope Noninvasive Techniques:  Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)  Ultrasound Imaging  x-ray  Computed Tomography (CT)  Nuclear Medicine  Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)  Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

4. 4 Basic Imaging Principles What do Images look like, and why? Image reconstruction: the process of creating an image from measurement of signals. Image quality determined by:  Portray of the true spatial distribution of the physical parameters.  Resolution  Noise  Contrast  Geometric Distortion  Artifacts

5. 5 Projection Images: The creation of a two-dimensional image “shadow” of the three dimensional body. X-ray are transmitted through a patient, creating a radiograph.

6. 6 The three standard orientations of slice (or tomographic) images Axial, Transaxial, Transverse Coronal Frontal Sagittal Oblique Slice: an orientation not corresponding to one of the Standard slice orientation.

7. 7 Computed Tomography M R I Magnetic Resonance Imaging P E T Positron Emission Tomography

8. 8 Computed Tomography (CT-scan) The x-rays are collimated (restricted in their geometric spread) to travel within an approximate 2-D “Fan beam” Type of CT scan: single-slice CT, helical CT, multislice CT

9. 9 Nuclear Medicine Imaging of gamma rays emitted by radionuclides substance bounded to biochemically active drugs. Example iodine to study thyroid function.

10. 10 Ultrasound Imaging Uses electric-to-acoustic transducers to generate repetitive bursts of high-frequency sound. Time-of-return: give information about location Intensity: give information about the strength of a reflector

11. 11 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) - Hydrogen nucleus align itself with an external Magnetic field - Radio frequency pulse cause hydrogen atoms to tip a way from the direction of the external magnetic field. - When excitation pulse end, hydrogen nucleus realign itself with the magnetic field and realize a radio-frequency.

12. Ultrasonography Obstetrics

13. 13 CRL: Crown Rump Length  Earliest detection at 4- 5 weeks

14. 14  11-12 week fetus shows division of hemispher es and choroid plexus

15. 15 Fetal Spine

16. 16 Liver/Lung Interface

17. 17 Study of intracranial features including the cerebellum and corpus callosum.

18. 18 Umbilical Cord

19. 19 3D imaging of placenta

20. 20 3D Imaging of eyeball sockets at 12 weeks

21. 21 Diagnosis of fetal malformation.  Hydrocephalus  Anencephaly  Myelomeningocoele  Achondroplasia,  Spina bifida,  Cleft lips/ palate and  Congenital cardiac abnormalities

22. 22  placenta previa  diabetes,  fetal hydrops,  Rh isoimmunization and  severe intrauterine growth retardation

23. 23 Breast Imaging:Normal Breast

24. 24 Breast Cyst

25. 25 Multiple cysts

26. 26 Fibroadenoma Breast

27. 27 Breast Mass Invading the duct

28. 28 HISTORY: 71 year old woman recently noticed a left breast lump. DIAGNOSIS: Intracystic papillary carcinoma

29. 29 Gallbladder US  The gallbladder demonstrates tiny gallstones. There was mild tenderness over the gallbladder. However, there is no evidence of wall thickening or pericholecystic fluid. There was no ultrasound evidence of acute cholecystitis.

30. 30 Gall Bladder US  Stone within the distal portion of the common bile duct.

31. 31 Roundworm in the liver  A typical double-line echo pattern representing an Ascaris worm extends from the right lobe into the porta hepatis