1. 1 Social Enterprise: Towards a differentiated approach Simon Teasdale Institute for Volunteering Research

2. 2 Presentation Outline Introduction Introduction Tensions in Social Enterprise Tensions in Social Enterprise Forms of Social Enterprise: A preliminary typology Forms of Social Enterprise: A preliminary typology Research Design Research Design Selection of case study organisations Selection of case study organisations Findings Findings Implications for policy and practice Implications for policy and practice

3. 3 Introduction My background in Social Enterprise My background in Social Enterprise To what extent can Social Enterprise combat exclusion To what extent can Social Enterprise combat exclusion All rhetoric, no reality All rhetoric, no reality Need to differentiate between types of Social Enterprise Need to differentiate between types of Social Enterprise

4. 4 Why classify? Different approaches to classification Different approaches to classification Overlapping streams of literature Overlapping streams of literature –Co-operative –Social Business –Voluntary Sector –Community Sector

5. 5 Tensions in Social Enterprise Individual v Collective Individual v Collective Social v Economic Social v Economic Forms of Social Enterprise: A preliminary typology Forms of Social Enterprise: A preliminary typology

6. 6 Forms of Social Enterprise: A preliminary typology

7. 7 Research Design Literature Review Literature Review Selection of geographic location Selection of geographic location Mapping / Scoping Exercise Mapping / Scoping Exercise Case Study research Case Study research Themes for analysis Themes for analysis –The multi-faceted social enterprise –Differentiated impact –Social Enterprise, Capital and Exclusion

8. 8 Selection of case study organisations Ideal Type Case Study Org People - Pounds Individual - Collective InternalExternalInternalExternal Community Enterprise Global Theatre Productions PeoplePeopleCollectiveCollective Non-Profit Enterprise Supported Housing BorderlinePeopleIndividualBorderline Community Business Community Times PoundsBorderlineIndividualCollective Social Business Health 4 All PoundsBorderlineIndividualBorderline

9. 9 Findings Theme Associated Finding The multi-faceted social enterprise Social Enterprises are seen as a different entity by different stakeholders Social Enterprises are able to portray a different façade to different observers Different responses to tackling exclusion The provision of employment to local people The provision of services to excluded people The development of bridging social capital The development of bonding social capital Relationship between bonding and bridging social capital Bonding social capital develops inclusion within a group Bridging social capital develops inclusion within wider society The distinction between the two is not clear-cut

10. 10 The multi-faceted social enterprise (1) Social Enterprises are seen as different entities by different stakeholders Social Enterprises are seen as different entities by different stakeholders Successful Social Enterprises are able to portray a different façade to different observers Successful Social Enterprises are able to portray a different façade to different observers

11. 11 The multi-faceted Social Enterprise (2): Global Theatre Productions

12. 12 The multi-faceted Social Enterprise (3): Community Times Link Businesses together ILM Social Events Sell advertising space

13. 13 Different responses to tackling exclusion Means of tackling exclusion (For beneficiaries) Community Enterprise (GTP) Non-profit Enterprise (Supported Housing) Community Business (Community Times) Social Business (Health 4 All) EmploymentLowNoneMediumHigh ServicesNoneHighNoneHigh Bonding social capital HighHighMediumLow Bridging social capital MediumLowMediumLow

14. 14 Relationship between bridging and bonding social capital Not easily distinguishable, people can bond or bridge across the same dimension e.g. ethnicity Not easily distinguishable, people can bond or bridge across the same dimension e.g. ethnicity Bonding develops as a response to exclusion from wider society Bonding develops as a response to exclusion from wider society Develops in-group solidarity Develops in-group solidarity Those involved in organisational capacity form links / bridges with other organisations and institutions Those involved in organisational capacity form links / bridges with other organisations and institutions Where excluded people are involved in organisational capacity, bridging social capital benefits them directly Where excluded people are involved in organisational capacity, bridging social capital benefits them directly However, only benefits those with pre-existing advantage e.g. human capital However, only benefits those with pre-existing advantage e.g. human capital Bridging social capital can be used for individual or collective benefit Bridging social capital can be used for individual or collective benefit

15. 15 Implications for policy and practice Social Enterprises aren’t always what they seem Social Enterprises aren’t always what they seem Different forms of Social Enterprise have different impacts: Different forms of Social Enterprise have different impacts: –People-focused orgs generate bonding soc capital –Pounds-focused orgs provide employment –Collective-focused orgs develop bridging soc capital –Individual-focused orgs deliver services A tendency to focus on what works (what can be counted) ignores smaller people-focused and / or collective orgs A tendency to focus on what works (what can be counted) ignores smaller people-focused and / or collective orgs My research suggests that it is democratic process which works in combating exclusion My research suggests that it is democratic process which works in combating exclusion