1. ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION
OF DATA

2. - Process of breaking up the whole study into constituent parts of categories. - To focus the essential features of the study
ANALYSIS
of data

3. Having the same quality or kind
{ }
QUALITATIVE
Having the same quality or kind

4. { } QUANTITATIVE Grouped according to their quantity
{ }
QUANTITATIVE
Grouped according to their quantity
-example: grouped into ages
of 10-14, 15-19, etc.

5. { } GEOGRAPHICAL Classified according to their location
{ }
GEOGRAPHICAL
Classified according to their location
-example: schools may be grouped
by their district or division

6. { }
CHRONOLOGICAL
Classified according to the order of their occurrence
-example: classified according to
school years ‘01-’02, ‘02-’03, etc.

7. { } STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Descriptive Statistics:
{ }
STATISTICAL
ANALYSIS
Descriptive Statistics:
Measures of central tendency, measures of variability
Frequency distribution
Inferential Statistics:
-Probability, hypothesis testing, statistical significance

8. of data PRESENTATION - Intelligible and interpretable
- organizing data into logical, sequential and meaningful categories for study and interpretation.
- Intelligible and interpretable
PRESENTATION
of data

9. TEXTUAL
TABULAR
GRAPHICAL

10. TEXTUAL Supplement tabular presentation DISADVATAGES: Boring to read,
especially if long
Reader may
skip statements
Uses statements with numerals or number to describe data.
Focus to important data

11. TABULAR Facilitate study and interpretation Advantages
Concise
easily read and compared
Systematic arrangement of related data.
Rows and columns present the relationship of numerical facts

12. Important Parts of Tables and Graphs:
Table/Graph Number
Used for reference purposes, preferably in Arabic
2. Title
- The subject matter that the table deals with
3. Prefatory note
- Explains unclear items in the table
3.Footnote
-Explain, clarifies or qualifies some items in the table
4. Source note
- The origin or source. Not necessary if the sources of the data are the respondents to a questionnaire or interview.

13. GRAPHICAL May be in pictorial or diagrammatic form. Advantages:
Attracts more attention, less likely to be overlooked
Comprehensive view of quantitative data
Grasp essential facts quickly.
A chart representing the quantitative changes of a variable. May be in comparison with other variables
Most attractive and appealing way to present data
Disadvantages:
Not as accurate as tables
Require more skill and time

14. TYPES OF GRAPHS Bar Graphs a. Single Vertical Bar Graph
b. Single Horizontal
c. Grouped bar Graph
d. Duo-directional
e. Component Bar Graph
f. Histogram

15. TYPES OF GRAPHS
2. Linear Graphs a. Time Series or Chronological line chart b. Composite Line Chart c. Frequency Polygon d. Ogive e. Band Chart

16. TYPES OF GRAPHS
3. Hundred percent Graphs or charts a. Subdivided bar b. Circle or Pie Graph 4. Pictograms

17. BAR GRAPHS Single Vertical Bar Graph Bars are constructed vertically
Bars portray the magnitudes of the categories
Usually used to depict time series data

18. BAR GRAPHS
a. Single Vertical Bar Graph

19. BAR GRAPHS b. Single Horizontal Bar Graph
Bars are constructed Horizontally
Usually used to compare magnitudes of different categories

20. BAR GRAPHS
b. Single Horizontal Bar Graph

21. BAR GRAPHS c. Grouped Bar Graph
Used to compare two or more categories of a variable during a specific period of time
Subgroups of the categories have common attributes

22. BAR GRAPHS
c. Grouped Bar Graph

23. BAR GRAPHS Bilateral Bar Graph
Present data in forms of assets, profits and positive numbers, liabilities, losses and negative numbers
Presence of positive and negative values

24. BAR GRAPHS
d. Bi-lateral Bar Graph

25. BAR GRAPHS e. Component Bar Graph
Shows variation or changes of the components parts of a whole and the whole itself

26. BAR GRAPHS
f. Histogram
Bars placed side by side, heights indicate the magnitudes of their classes
For grouped or class frequency distributions

27. BAR GRAPHS
f. Histogram

28. LINE GRAPHS A. Time series linear chart
Depict variations of a variable over a period of time

29. LINE GRAPHS B. Time series composite charts
comparisons made between or among two or more categories

30. LINE GRAPHS
B. Time series composite charts

31. LINE GRAPHS C. Frequency Polygon Graph class or grouped frequency
distribution
Counterpart of histogram
Connecting the midpoints of the classes

32. LINE GRAPHS
C. Frequency Polygon

33. LINE GRAPHS D. Ogive Graph of the cumulative frequencies
Either upward or downward

34. LINE GRAPHS
D. Ogive

35. LINE GRAPHS E. Band Chart
Proportional variations of the component parts of a whole over a period of time

36. ONE HUNDRED PER CENT GRAPHS
100% bar graph or rectangular chart
Division of a 100% graph where the parts are divided per segment
Largest segment at the bottom

37. ONE HUNDRED PER CENT GRAPHS
Pie chart or Circle Graph
Equated to 100%
1% of the graph is equated to 3.6 degrees

38. ONE HUNDRED PER CENT GRAPHS
Pie chart or Circle Graph

39. PICTOGRAMS Portray data by means of pictures or symbols.
Vivid comparison of magnitude

40. PICTOGRAMS

41. Pictorial display of data
USE THE RIGHT TYPE OF GRAPHIC!!
BAR GRAPH
Comparison
-Categories of data
Vertical
Portray magnitude
Horizontal
Compare magnitude
Grouped
Compare categories
Bilateral
Positive negative values
Component
Proportions of a whole
Histogram
Frequency distribution
LINE GRAPH
- Display trends over time
Time series
Time period
Composite line
Different categories
Frequency polygon
Ogive
Cumulative frequency
Band Chart
Components of a whole
100% GRAPHS
- Show percentages and proportion
Rectangular bar graph
Proportions of a 100%
Pie Graph
Proportion of a 100%
PICTOGRAMS
Pictorial display of data

42. of data INTERPRETATION
Discuss the summary of the implications of the findings
Possible meaning, probable causes and effects, suggestions to a situation or condition from the findings.
INTERPRETATION
of data

43. -Adding meaning to information by making connections and comparisons
Condition or situation
Probable cause
Probable effect
Suggestion or recommendation
Entity or area affected

44. EXISTENCE OF A CONDITION
Are there any outliers or discrepancies in the data?
A significant finding discovered in the research
May be favorable or unfavorable
A generalization formed from the findings
EXISTENCE OF A CONDITION

45. PROBABLE CAUSE OF CONDITION
- A logical and valid relationship between the condition and the cause. - Causes may be inferred from other researches and studies
PROBABLE CAUSE OF CONDITION

46. PROBABLE EFFECT OF CONDITION
- Logical and valid relationship between the condition and its possible effects - May be good or bad
PROBABLE EFFECT OF CONDITION

47. SUGGESTION OR RECOMMENDATION
Possible solutions to remedy the unsatisfactory condition.
Suggest to continue practice and to strengthen it.
SUGGESTION OR RECOMMENDATION

48. AREA OR ENTITY AFFECTED
- Who or what will be affected by the possible effects brought by the conditions / situations in the findings of the study?
AREA OR ENTITY AFFECTED

50. -The students were given enough orientation about the program
CONDITION
- 56% of the sample select their GIFT class to develop their talents and skill
2. CAUSES
-The students were given enough orientation about the program
- Students intend to develop their skills
3. EFFECTS
- By the end of the program, the students would have enhanced their skills
4. SUGGESTION
- Continue the implementation of the program
5. AFFECTED
-SPCP students who are enrolled in GIFT

51. GROUP ACTIVITY!!
What are the 3 general ways of presenting data? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each?
Construct a graph for this data:
Enrolment of High School Student,
Year Level
Boys
Girls I
124
141 II
115
139
III
109
128 IV 98

52. 3. Why did you choose to use this graph 4
3. Why did you choose to use this graph 4. What are the similarities and differences of the ff: frequency polygon, histogram and ogives? 5. Give a 3-7 sentence interpretation of the data from # 2