1. Jim Crow Minstrel show character –Thomas “Daddy” Rice, 1830s and 1840s Rice performed in black face –Ridiculed black people Unclear how it came to mean segregation Segregation –Evolved slowly to enforce white control –Black people acquiesced Churches and social organizations Accepted separate seating in places previously closed Segregation better than exclusion

2. Segregation of Railroads Conflict –White southerners proximity to black people in public places and on passenger trains created tensions –Blacks with first-class tickets sent to second-class Mary Church Terrell –Threatened litigation The first segregation laws involved passenger trains –Tennessee, 1881 –Florida, 1887 –Railroads opposed Maintaining separate cars was too expensive

3. Plessy v. Ferguson –Louisiana required segregated trains, 1891 Railroads and black people object –Challenged in court Homer A. Plessy –U.S. Supreme Court, 8-1 decision Upheld state law--segregation--as constitutional, 1896 Justice John Marshal Harlan Fourteenth Amendment –Jim Crow laws become embedded in southern states

4. Segregation Proliferates Proliferation –“White” and “colored” signs Restrooms, drinking fountains Separate Bibles for black and white witnesses Oklahoma required separate phone booths, 1915 School textbooks stored in separate facilities –“Separate but equal” Inferior facilities or no facilities

5. IV. Racial Etiquette Black and white people did not shake hands Black people did not look directly into white peoples’ eyes Black people stared at the ground to address white people Black men removed their hats; white men did not Black people went to the back door Black men or boys must never look at white women Black women could not try on clothing in white stores White people did not use titles of respect White customers always served first

6. Lynching 3,745 lynchings between 1889 and 1932 –Most in the South –Black men were the usual victims Presumed threat posed to white women –Community participation Few denunciations from white leaders Savage and brutal –See PROFILE

7. Rape Abuse and harassment against black women No statistics –But considered more common than lynching Black men tried to protect black women –Refused to let them work as domestics for white men White men considered black women inferior –Black women were not virtuous –Coleman Blease

8. VI. Migration Late 19th century African Americans Ninety percent of black Americans lived in the South, 1910 Emigrants 1870s, 1880s, and 1890s –Africa –Kansas –Oklahoma –Arkansas

9. The Exodusters Western migration –Encouraged by the Homestead Act and railroads –Between 1865-1880 All black towns in Kansas, Nebraska, Indian territory Southern migration –Many black people moved to southern villages Urban areas offered more economic opportunities

10. Sharecroppers Laborers agree to work the land part of the crop –Landlord often received One-half to three-fourths the crop, depending on contract –Landlord often provided housing Horses or mules Tools, seed, fertilizer, food, and clothing –Landlord often cheated and exploited sharecroppers Landowner told farmers what they made and what they owed Even when they knew the figures were wrong, little redress

11. VIII. African American and Southern Courts “Three days for stealing, eighty-seven days for being colored” Judges were white men Few black men served on juries Few convictions for crimes on black people Black people received larger fines than white people, and longer sentences

12. IX. Conclusion White supremacy crushed black hopes U.S. government abandoned black people –Ignored legal, political, and economic conditions –Debt peonage –Sharecropping –“Separate but equal” –Disfranchisement