1. Blacks and Whites in the Post-Reconstruction South
The Birth of Jim Crow:
Blacks and Whites in the Post-Reconstruction South
Origin of term.

2. Timeline 1877: Hayes Compromise 1896: Plessy v. Ferguson
1905: “Jim Crow” laws thruout South
1877: virtual end Reconstruction; “redeemers” win.

3. Work in South Per capita income static, 1880-1900
1900: 6% workers in manufacturing
Sharecropping, tenancy. Autonomy.

4. Education Ad hoc schools; opportunity for black women
By 1800s, black women teachers.
By 1900, 1/3, 5-14 in school.
Clifton FL Colored School, c. 1900
Ad hoc schools; opportunity for black women

5. Violence KKK other paramilitary Anti-black political
leadership/resistance
3000 lynched
Lynchings pre-1900 mostly South, though all states. Overall, 75% black. Peak 1892.
Hahn: continuity with slave patrol etc. in slave times.
1889

6. Lynching Lynchings thruout US White & Black GA, MS, TX highest
Laura Nelson, Okemah.
: most in GA(531-90% blk), MS(581-90% blk), TX(493-2/3 blk). OK 122, 2/3 white.
DEL, MD, VT: 1 each. Most common causes: homicide, rape/attempted rape.
Okemah, OK 1911

7. Anti-Violence
"They had made me an exile and threatened my life for hinting at the truth."[8 ]
Wells: after 3 friends lynched.
Anti-lynching campaign, 1892
Ida B. Wells,

8. Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 Separate but equal: constitutional
Legal justification for segregation until Brown v. Board, 1954
Recruited for case(Parks). Organization.
Homer Plessy, Octoroon

11. Southern Segregation
Few states had laws before Plessy; by 1905: all. When OK became state in 1907, it too.
Northern de facto socially as well.

12. Segregated South
separate toilets, fountains, pools, hospitals, parks, schools, ball fields, cabs, libraries.
separate sections of theaters, busses, trains.
interracial marriage prohibited
De facto prohibition from voting, running for public office.

13. Segregated South Served after whites in stores.
Required to address whites as Mr., Mrs. Etc. while called “boy,” “aunty,” etc.
Required to remove hat when greeting, make way on sidewalk, approach back door.
Whites cd enter w/o knocking, sit w/o being asked, address disrespectfully if chose.
Extent varied from state to state, county to county, town to town. Transgressions severely punished.

14. Boon to Black Business “Negro Wall Street” Durham NC, c. 1900
Black Elite
“Negro Wall Street”
Tulsa OK, c. 1920

15. Black Leadership First principal, Tuskegee Normal School, 1881
National prominence, 1895
Series of higher ed. ; Tuskegee b/w founders.
Booker T. Washington,

16. Black Leadership First black teacher, DC Schools Leader, NACWC
Founding member,
NAACP
Mary Church Terrell, c. 1900

17. Black Leadership First black Ph.D. from Harvard Professor, writer
Founder, Niagara
Movement, 1905
(NAACP)
Assertive approach. All these leaders working first in education. By turn of 20th, ready to push back against segregation.
WEB DuBois, Paris, 1900

18. Reconstruction Amendments
13th – Banned slavery in the U.S. (?)
14th – gave all blacks same rights – Bill of Rights
15th - Black MEN could vote

19. Homer Plessy’s Grave

20. Homer Plessy

21. Also buried near Plessy

25. Questions? Calhoun, AL Colored School, c. 1900
Eventually Great Migration.
Calhoun, AL Colored School, c. 1900