1. THE SOUTH - THE WEST “In the decades following Reconstruction, the South and the West became more tightly linked to the economy of the Northeast. Both regions supplied the agricultural goods and raw materials that fueled urban and industrial growth in the northeastern and north central states. Tragically, both were also racially divided societies….”

2. The New South Self-sufficient southern economy built on Self-sufficient southern economy built on Modern capitalist values Modern capitalist values Industrial growth Industrial growth Improved transportation Improved transportation Incentives to locate in the South Incentives to locate in the South Tax exemptions to businesses Tax exemptions to businesses Cheap labor Cheap labor

3. Signs of Southern Progress Birmingham, Alabama → steel center (“Pittsburgh of the South”) Birmingham, Alabama → steel center (“Pittsburgh of the South”) Memphis, Tennessee → lumber industry Memphis, Tennessee → lumber industry Richmond, Virginia → tobacco industry Richmond, Virginia → tobacco industry Georgia, North Carolina, & South Carolina → chief producers of textiles Georgia, North Carolina, & South Carolina → chief producers of textiles Railroads adopted standard gauge Railroads adopted standard gauge Rate of growth was greater than or equal to all other regions in terms of population, industry and railroads Rate of growth was greater than or equal to all other regions in terms of population, industry and railroads

4. And Yet… Remained the poorest region in the nation Remained the poorest region in the nation Profits from railroads and steel mills went to north Profits from railroads and steel mills went to north Industrial workers in South earned half of national average & worked longer hours Industrial workers in South earned half of national average & worked longer hours Most Southerners kept traditional roles and were sharecroppers & farmers Most Southerners kept traditional roles and were sharecroppers & farmers

5. Reasons for poverty Lagged behind in industrialization Lagged behind in industrialization Poorly educated work force Poorly educated work force Difficult to attract skilled labor and outside capital Difficult to attract skilled labor and outside capital “Under the campaign for a New South, all [industries] grew dramatically in employment and value, but not enough to end poverty or industrialize the region. The South remained largely rural, agricultural, and poor” …TOO FAR BEHIND TO CATCH UP!

6. School Expenditures in the South

7. “The slave went free, stood a brief moment in the sun; then moved back again toward slavery.” -- W.E.B Du Bois Three People Dancing Around Sun Image: © Images.com/CORBIS Creator Name: Bob Commander

8. Remember…After the Civil War: 13th Amendment - gave 4.3 million slaves their freedom What to do with the Freedmen? What to do with the Freedmen? 14th Amendment - African Americans given citizenship 15th Amendment - African American men given right to vote

9. Remember…After the Civil War: What to do with the Freedmen? What to do with the Freedmen? Freed Slaves Learn to Read, James E. Taylor, ca. November 17, 1866 Freedmen’s Bureau - Help former slaves succeed! Provided food, medical care, & education

10. Remember…Early Reconstruction: Who decides? Who decides? President Johnson - welcomes South back A caricature of President Andrew Johnson vetoing the Freedman's Bureau. He is kicking a dresser full of African American men down steps. Ca. 1829-1937. Radical Republicans - punish South and ensure equal rights Who wins? Congress overturns Johnson’s vetoes and almost succeeds in impeachment!

11. Remember…Early Reconstruction: High % of African Americans voted African Americans get political power African Americans get political power High % of African Americans in local government Ex. African American Senators during this period (3) vs AA senators since (3)! Woodcut Print of John Willis Menard in the House of Representatives

12. Most white Southerners resented the new rights of African Americans But... But... White Southerners chipped away at African Americans rights

13. Poll Tax - had to pay to vote African Americans Lose Political Power African Americans Lose Political Power Literacy Test - Had to read to vote Results - African Americans lost their political power Grandfather Clause - Could get around 1st 2 if your grandfather could vote Later Reconstruction:

14. 40 Acres & a Mule - After slavery, many African Americans thought they would get this African Americans Lose Economic Power African Americans Lose Economic Power Sharecropping - Instead work on land owned by whites & share profits from crops

15. Reconstruction Ends: Compromise of 1877 Hayes gets Southern states to help him get elected. He withdraws federal troops (abandons southern blacks politically & economically) Why does it end? Why does it end? Rutherford B. Hayes - Rutherford B. Hayes served as the 19th President of the United States (1877-1881). Won the controversial election of 1876 by one electoral vote. Photographer: MerrittDate Photographed: 1897

16. Thinking Slide: Think! Don’t Write!! Think! Don’t Write!! Which do you think was a more significant loss, political or economic power? Explain. Which do you think was a more significant loss, political or economic power? Explain.

17. Jim Crow: Segregation - beginning as customs, but ending up as laws Named after “Jim Crow” dance What is it? What is it?

18. Jim Crow: What was segregated? What was segregated? Schools, cemeteries, courts, hospitals, mental institutions, orphanages, prisons, & Bibles to swear on in trials Segregated Drinking Fountains

19. Jim Crow: Plessy vs. Ferguson: 1896 Supreme Court Decsion Plessy vs. Ferguson: 1896 Supreme Court Decsion What? Homer Plessey tries to sit in a whites-only train car How did the Supreme Court Rule? Segregation is OK as long as the facilities are equal ; “separate but equal” does not violate Constitution

20. Jim Crow: Problem: Separate But Equal is Never Equal Problem: Separate But Equal is Never Equal Whites would never fund black schools equally

21. Jim Crow Violence: How else did Southern Whites enforce Jim Crow? How else did Southern Whites enforce Jim Crow? Ku Klux Klan - secret terrorist society that beat, raped, and murdered African Americans

22. Jim Crow Violence: How else did Southern Whites enforce Jim Crow? How else did Southern Whites enforce Jim Crow? Lynching - a mob puts someone to death without a trial Between 1880-1968 nearly 5000 blacks were lynched Why? Cultural acceptance of Immoral behavior (racism)? Fear of economic competition?

23. Jim Crow Violence: How did African Americans resist? How did African Americans resist? Spoke out against discrimination Organized boycotts of segregated facilities Tried to improve segregated facilities Segregated School

24. Jim Crow Violence: When did it end? When did it end? WWII jumpstarted the Civil Rights movement in the US 1954 Brown vs Board of education declares segregation in schools illegal 1964 Civil Rights Act Man removes segregation sign 1956

25. Thinking Question: Was reconstruction a failure? Explain. Was reconstruction a failure? Explain.